Beliefs and Social Norms about Codeine and Promethazine Hydrochloride Cough Syrup (Cphcs) Onset and Perceived Addiction among Urban Houstonian Adolescents: An Addiction Trend in the City of Lean

Abstract

In the current study, we used a qualitative approach to investigate relevant beliefs and norms associated with codeine and promethazine hydrochloride cough syrup (CPHCS) consumption, initiation, and perceived addiction among 48 alternative school students who identified themselves as current CPHCS users. In general, both boys and girls believed that CPHCS addiction started during an individual's initial consumption. A majority of both groups reported that their second CPHCS event was initiated during the same or next day after their first event. Our findings suggest that friends and an innovative form of hip-hop music called "screw" are strong reinforcers of CPHCS use.

‘Codeine is my companion’: misuse and dependence on codeine containing medicines in Ireland

“…Within trajectories of codeine misuse and dependence, a wide ranging profile of codeine user exists; for example, the elderly (Roumie & Griffin, 2004;Agaba et al 2004); youth (Elwood, 2001;Peters et al 2003Peters et al , 2007aPeters et al , 2007bPeters et al , 2007cFord, 2009;Lao et al 2010;Wilson et al 2010;Tang et al 2012;Agnich et al 2013); parents (Allotey et al 2004); students (Acocella, 2005); pharmacy customers (Sweileh et al 2004;Albsoul-Younes et al 2010); drug and psychiatric treatment patients (Agyapong et al 2013); addiction treatment patients (Akram & Roberts, 2003;Myers et al 2003;Yang & Yuan, 2008;Cohen et al 2009;Thekiso & Farren, 2010;Cooper, 2013b) and internet drug forum users (Van Hout, 2015) each with their own motives, patterns and outcomes for use. However, there is a lack of consensus around a definition of misuse of pharmaceutical opioid narcotics (Barrett et al 2008;Casati et al 2012;Cooper, 2013a) with broad misuse of pharmaceutical definitions including incorrect but legitimate use for medical purposes; use outside of acceptable medical guidelines when self-medicating at higher doses and for longer than advised; use for reasons other than for the instructions on the label or the intended purpose; recreational use for intoxication purposes; and where risks and adverse consequences outweigh the benefits (Nielsen et al 2008;Casati et al 2012).…”

Hip-Hop Development™ Bridging the Generational Divide for Youth Development

“…For example, Jones (1997) suggested that rap music is high in socially questionable content, including drug and alcohol talk, profanity, and gambling. Similarly, Peters, et al (2003) found that rap music glamorized substance use. Moreover, other research has found linkages between some rap music and deviant thoughts and behaviors among youth, including drug use and violence (Anderson, Carnagey, & Eubanks, 2003;Chen, Miller, Grube, & Waiters, 2006;Johnson, Jackson, & Gatto, 1995;Miranda, & Claes, 2004).…”

“Codeine Is My Helper”

“…Misuse and dependence on CCS is reported in the US southern states (Elwood, 1999;Peters et al, 2003;Peters et al, 2007;Agnich, Stogner, Miller, & Marcum, 2013) Poly pharming to potentiate the effect with illicit drugs, alcohol, and diet pills was reported.…”