Belief in unconscious repressed memory is widespread: A comment on Brewin, Li, Ntarantana, Unsworth, and McNeilis (2019).

Abstract

What does believing in repressed memory mean? In a recent paper in this journal, Brewin, Li, Ntarantana, Unsworth, and McNeilis (2019; Study 3) argued that when people are asked to indicate their belief in repressed memory, they actually think of deliberate memory suppression rather than unconscious repressed memory. They further argued that in contrast to belief in unconscious repressed memory, belief in deliberate memory suppression is not scientifically controversial. In this commentary, we show that they are incorrect on both counts. Although Brewin and colleagues surveyed people to indicate their belief in deliberate memory suppression, they neglected to ask their participants whether they (also) believed in unconscious repressed memory. We asked people from the general population whether they believe that traumatic experiences can be unconsciously repressed for many years and then recovered. In two studies of the general population, we found high endorsement rates [Study 1 (N = 230: 59.2% (n = 45); Study 2 (N = 79): 67.1% (n = 53)] of the belief in unconscious repressed memory. These endorsement rates did not statistically differ from endorsement rates to statements on repressed memory and deliberate memory suppression. In contrast to what Brewin et al. argue, belief in unconscious repressed memory among lay people is alive and well. Finally, we contend that Brewin et al. overstated the scientific evidence bearing on deliberate repression (suppression).

The Return of the Repressed: The Persistent and Problematic Claims of Long-Forgotten Trauma

“…However, because Brewin and colleagues did not include a survey item on unconscious repression, it is unknown which endorsement rates would be detected for such a controversial statement. To remedy this omission, Otgaar et al (2019) specifically inquired about people’s belief in unconscious repression. They found high endorsement rates for belief in both conscious and unconscious repression (around 60%), implying that the belief in repressed memories is still widespread.…”

Belief in Unconscious Repressed Memory Persists

“…Brewin and colleagues argued that one explanation for this finding was that participants actually endorse a belief in conscious repression. In a recent study, we commented on Brewin et al’s research as they did not specifically ask participants about their beliefs in unconscious repression (Otgaar, Wang, Howe, et al, 2020). We corrected this shortcoming and also surveyed participants (Study 1: N = 230; Study 2: N = 79) about their belief in unconscious repression.…”

“…We have shown that, contrary to Brewin’s assertions, many scholars continue to refer to unconscious repression. Furthermore, large percentages of people endorse this concept (e.g., Otgaar, Wang, Howe, et al, 2020). Apart from problems concerning the notion of unconscious repression, it is also important to discuss memory phenomena related to unconscious repression (i.e., memory suppression) and the memory wars (i.e., false memories).…”

Do your eyes protect your memory?

“…The results of Chapter 4 are in line with previous studies on memory beliefs (Akhtar et al, 2018;Brewin et al, 2019;Dammeyer et al, 1997;Dodier, Melinder, Otgaar, Payouw, & Magnussen, 2019;Golding et al, 1996;Gore-Felton et al, 2000;Magnussen & Melinder, 2012;Ost et al, 2013;Otgaar, Wang et al, 2019;Patihis et al, 2014;Yapko, 1994). In general, based on the recent surveys examining memory beliefs, it can be concluded that the belief in the controversial topic of repressed memory is very much alive.…”

“…Recent surveys suggest that some therapists continue to hold controversial beliefs about memory. Ost and colleagues (2013) Brewin et al, 2019;Otgaar, Wang et al, 2019). Still, controversial beliefs that are held firmly by clinicians (e.g., believing in repressed memories without reservation) may be problematic in a treatment setting .…”