Beiträge zur Physiologie der willkürlichen Bewegung

Wachholder, Kurt; Altenburger, H.

doi:10.1007/bf01741942

Cited by 107 publications

(20 citation statements)

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“…The triphasic e.m.g. pattern of the initial phase of ballistic movements (agonist, antagonist, agonist bursts) exists in distal muscles of the arm, as has been shown previously for proximal muscles (Wachholder & Altenburger, 1926;Basmajian, 1967; Dijkstra & Denier van der Gon, 1973; Hopf, Lowitzsch & Schlegel, 1973;Angel, 1974;Hallett et al 1975a), and the timing of the bursts also is similar (Table 1). The results demonstrate that for movements of various distances and in different mechanical circumstances the durations of the first agonist and antagonist bursts are relatively constant.…”

Section: Invariance Of Time Intervalssupporting

confidence: 80%

“…pattern of a rapid or ballistic movement is distinctive. In all muscle pairs that have been studied a burst of activity in the agonist is followed by a burst of activity in the antagonist which is followed in turn by a second burst in the agonist (Wachholder & Altenburger, 1926;Angel, 1974;Hallett, Shahani & Young, 1975a). Slower, smooth ramp movements are characterized by continuous agonist activity without significant participation of the antagonist.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ballistic flexion movements of the human thumb.

Hallett¹,

Marsden²

1979

The Journal of Physiology

196

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SUMMARY1. In response to an auditory stimulus normal subjects made ballistic flexion movements of the top joint of the thumb against a lever attached to the spindle of a low-inertia electric motor.2. Electromyographic (e.m.g.) activity was recorded from pairs of fine wire electrodes inserted into flexor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis longus, respectively the sole flexor and extensor of the joint. 4. The e.m.g. activity initiating such movements was characterized by a 'triphasic' pattern of sequential bursts of activity in the agonist (flexor pollicis longus), then in the antagonist (extensor pollicis longus), and then in the agonist again.5. The duration of the first agonist and first antagonist bursts ranged from about 50 to 90 ms and there was no significant change of burst length in the different mechanical conditions. 6. In movements of differing angular distance, the rectified and integrated e.m.g. activity of the first agonist burst could be correlated with the distance moved. The rectified and integrated e.m.g. activity of the first antagonist burst could not be correlated with the distance moved.7. Responses of the muscles to perturbations either before or during the ballistic movements were studied. Current in the motor could be altered so to extend the thumb ('stretch'), to allow it to accelerate ('release'), or to prevent further movement (' halt').8. Suitably timed stretch increased the e.m.g. activity of the first agonist burst while release decreased it.9. There was a small response of the agonist to stretch or halt timed to act during the interval between the first two agonist bursts; the major response was an augmentation of the second agonist burst.10. Stretch, timed to act between the first two agonist bursts which released the antagonist, diminished the activity of the first antagonist burst while halt virtually eradicated it in all but one subject. Release, at this time, which stretched the antagonist, increased the activity of the first antagonist burst. M. HALLETT AND C. D. MARSDEN 11. It is concluded that the individual components of a ballistic movement are relatively fixed in duration and the amount of e.m.g. activity is altered within this time interval to produce the different forces required for fast movements of different amplitude.12. Both agonist and antagonist muscles remain under some feed-back control during the entire course of a ballistic movement, but the amount of influence of feed-back depends on the supraspinal command signal and the changes in the spindle during the course of the movement.

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Section: Invariance Of Time Intervalssupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ballistic flexion movements of the human thumb.

Hallett¹,

Marsden²

1979

The Journal of Physiology

196

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“…In controlling fast movements, the CNS behaves as if it does anticipate that the articulators will have dynamical responses to its motor commands. For example, arm movement studies have shown that fast movements are characterized by a “three-phase” muscle activation sequence, where (1) an initial burst of activation of the agonist muscle accelerates the articulator quickly toward its target, followed at about mid-movement by (2) a “breaking” burst of antagonist muscle activation that decelerates the articulator, causing it to come to rest near the target and followed in turn by (3) a weaker agonist burst to further correct the articulator's position (Wachholder and Altenburger, 1926; Hallett et al, 1975; Shadmehr and Wise, 2005). Such activation patterns appear to take advantage of the momentum of the arm.…”

Section: Adding Feedback Control To a Feedforward Model Of The Cns's mentioning

confidence: 99%

Speech Production as State Feedback Control

Houde¹,

Nagarajan²

2011

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

357

363

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Spoken language exists because of a remarkable neural process. Inside a speaker's brain, an intended message gives rise to neural signals activating the muscles of the vocal tract. The process is remarkable because these muscles are activated in just the right way that the vocal tract produces sounds a listener understands as the intended message. What is the best approach to understanding the neural substrate of this crucial motor control process? One of the key recent modeling developments in neuroscience has been the use of state feedback control (SFC) theory to explain the role of the CNS in motor control. SFC postulates that the CNS controls motor output by (1) estimating the current dynamic state of the thing (e.g., arm) being controlled, and (2) generating controls based on this estimated state. SFC has successfully predicted a great range of non-speech motor phenomena, but as yet has not received attention in the speech motor control community. Here, we review some of the key characteristics of speech motor control and what they say about the role of the CNS in the process. We then discuss prior efforts to model the role of CNS in speech motor control, and argue that these models have inherent limitations – limitations that are overcome by an SFC model of speech motor control which we describe. We conclude by discussing a plausible neural substrate of our model.

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“…A triphasic pattern of electromyographic (EMG) activity in the agonist and antagonist muscles has long been recognized to underlie fast or ballistic limb movements in humans (Wachholder and Haltenburger, 1926;Angel, 1974;Hallett et al, 1975~;Hallett and Marsden, 1979;Pantaleo et al, 1988). A triphasic pattern of electromyographic (EMG) activity in the agonist and antagonist muscles has long been recognized to underlie fast or ballistic limb movements in humans (Wachholder and Haltenburger, 1926;Angel, 1974;Hallett et al, 1975~;Hallett and Marsden, 1979;Pantaleo et al, 1988).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We chose these variables as their significance had been previously investigated in studies dealing both with the physiology (see, for example, Wachholder and Haltenburger, 1926;Angel, 1974; Hallett et al, 1 9 7 5~; Flowers, 1976;Hallett and Marsden, 1979; Baroni et al, 1984;Pantaleo et al, 1988) of fast voluntary movements and with their alteration in some neurological diseases (Hallett et al, 197%;Flowers, 1976;Hallett and Khoshbin, 1980; Baroni et al, 1984;. We chose these variables as their significance had been previously investigated in studies dealing both with the physiology (see, for example, Wachholder and Haltenburger, 1926;Angel, 1974; Hallett et al, 1 9 7 5~; Flowers, 1976;Hallett and Marsden, 1979; Baroni et al, 1984;Pantaleo et al, 1988) of fast voluntary movements and with their alteration in some neurological diseases (Hallett et al, 197%;Flowers, 1976;Hallett and Khoshbin, 1980; Baroni et al, 1984;.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alterations of Ballistic Movements in Epileptic Patients with Phenytoin Intoxication

et al. 1992

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We assessed the effects of phenytoin (PHT) overdosage on ballistic arm abduction movements in nine epileptic patients receiving long-term PHT treatment. During the overdosage period, all but one showed clinical abnormalities referable to impaired cerebellar function; one also had slowness of movement. Ballistic movements showed abnormalities in all of the patients although a great variability was present in the type and severity of abnormalities. In four patients, kinematic and EMG recordings differed least from the normal, in four they resembled those described in patients with cerebellar deficits, and in one those described in patients with Parkinson disease. The type and severity of clinical disturbances of voluntary motor control as well as alterations of ballistic movements were not related to specific PHT plasma concentrations. One month after the adjustment of PHT dosage, the patients who had clinical abnormalities completely recovered or markedly improved. Previously observed kinematic and EMG abnormalities completely disappeared or improved markedly.

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Beiträge zur Physiologie der willkürlichen Bewegung

Cited by 107 publications

References 0 publications

Ballistic flexion movements of the human thumb.

Ballistic flexion movements of the human thumb.

Speech Production as State Feedback Control

Alterations of Ballistic Movements in Epileptic Patients with Phenytoin Intoxication

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