“…The purpose of education is to cultivate students with a distinct sense of social responsibility, a sound personality, the spirit of innovation, the desire and ability for lifelong learning, good information literacy, etc., so that the new generations will have the skills necessary to adapt to the social, scientific and technological and economic development of the 21 st century (Care, et al, 2017;Friesen & Anderson, 2004;Luo, et al, 2021;Walsh et al, 2022). However, in China, upper-secondary schools, teachers, parents, and students are still biased toward the pursuit of academic excellence and somewhat neglect the development of these learning skills (Cui et al, 2022;Xu & Liu, 2010). Being aware of such inadequacies, innovative pedagogical approaches, such as project-based learning (PBL), which foster competencies required in the 21 st century, are suggested (Desnelita et al, 2021;Fiore et al, 2018).…”