Beijing Pinggu Childhood Eye Study: The Baseline Refractive Characteristics in 6- to 12-Year-Old Chinese Primary School Students

Li, Yan; Xing, Yi; Jia, Chun‐Lin; Ma, Jiahui; Li, Xuewei; Zhou, Jingwei; Zhao, Chongbin; Zhang, Haijun; Wang, Lu; Wang, Weihong; Qu, Jia; Zhao, Mingwei; Wang, Kai; Guo, Xin

doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.890261

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Among non-Hispanic Whites, the myopia incidence was found to be 1.27% [ 16 ]. The myopia incidence of 6-year-old children in the Beijing Pinggu Eye Disease Study was 2.5% [ 17 ], while that in our population was 3.05%. Although the incidence of myopia among school-age children in China is higher than that in other ethnic groups [ 18 – 21 ], the difference is not significant in the preschool-age group [ 11 ], even after spending more time at home because of COVID-19 [ 12 , 13 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Refraction and ocular biometric parameters of preschool children in the Beijing whole childhood eye study: the first-year report

Zhu,

Sun,

Wang

et al. 2023

BMC Ophthalmol

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Background Prevention of myopia should begin before school age. However, few population-based cohort studies have investigated refractive status in preschool children with cycloplegia. This study aimed to investigate the post-COVID-19 refraction and ocular biometric parameters of preschool children in Beijing Tongzhou District. Methods A population-based cohort study of kindergarten children in Tongzhou District, Beijing, commenced in November 2021. The present study reports data from the first year of the aforementioned population-based study. We selected children aged 3–6 years from nine kindergartens. Biometric parameters, including axial length (AL), anterior chamber depth (ACD), and corneal radius of curvature (CR), were collected before cycloplegia. Cycloplegic refraction was also measured. The spherical equivalent (SE), lens power (LP), and AL-to-CR ratio were calculated. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to analyse the correlation between refraction and ocular biometric parameters. Results A total of 1,505 children completed the examination, and a mean SE of 1.24 ± 0.91 D was found. The overall prevalence of myopia was 1.93%. The mean AL, ACD, CR, LP, and AL-to-CR ratio were 22.24 ± 0.70 mm, 3.28 ± 0.26 mm, 7.77 ± 0.26 mm, 26.01 ± 1.56 D, and 2.86 ± 0.07, respectively. Longer AL, deeper ACD, larger AL-to-CR ratio, and lower LP were associated with older age; the CR was not significantly different among different ages. In the multiple linear regression analysis, after adjusting for sex and age, the model that included AL, CR, and LP explained 87% of the SE variation. No differences were observed in the prevalence of myopia or the SE in this particular age range. Conclusion The findings of this study suggest that a large proportion of preschool children in Beijing are mildly hyperopic, with a considerably low prevalence of myopia. In preschool children, refractive development was found to present mild hyperopia rather than emmetropia or myopia, a phenomenon that is characteristic of this age range.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Refraction and ocular biometric parameters of preschool children in the Beijing whole childhood eye study: the first-year report

Zhu,

Sun,

Wang

et al. 2023

BMC Ophthalmol

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“…In this study, the percentages of eyes with myopia in the FEVR group were 80%, significantly higher than in healthy children of similar ages 30.8% to 32.9% myopia (SE ≤ −0.5 D). 15 , 19 , 20 The prevalence of high myopia in the FEVR group were 48% (SE ≤ −5.00 D), significantly higher than that in the global population in 2020 (5.2%) 15 and in children aged 4–14 (4.2%). 19 Such a high prevalence of myopia in children with FEVR has been also observed in previous studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Refractive Status and Biometric Characteristics of Children With Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy

Hu,

Fan,

Zhao

et al. 2023

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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Purpose To compare biometric characteristics between patients with early-stage familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) and healthy controls. Methods This case-control study included 50 FEVR eyes in stage 1-2 and 50 control eyes matched by age, gender and spherical equivalent (SE). Biometric parameters including axial length (AL), white-to-white diameter (WTW), central corneal thickness (CCT), anterior chamber depth (ACD), lens thickness (LT), pupil diameter, vitreous chamber depth, anterior and posterior corneal surface curvature radius (ACR and PCR), anterior lens surface curvature radius (ALR) and posterior lens surface curvature radius were measured using IOLMaster 700 and compared between cases and controls using paired t -test. Correlations between SE and biometric measures were assessed using Pearson correlation coefficient ( r ) in cases and controls. Results Both FEVR cases and matched controls had a mean age of 7.6 years, 48% female and mean SE of −5.3 D (80% myopia). Compared to controls, FEVR eyes had smaller AL ( P = 0.009), WTW ( P = 0.001), ACD ( P < 0.001), and ALR ( P = 0.03), but larger CCT ( P = 0.02) and LT ( P = 0.01). In FEVR eyes, SE was negatively correlated with AL ( r = −0.79, P < 0.001), positively correlated with ACR ( r = 0.29, P = 0.04) and PCR ( r = 0.33, P = 0.02), whereas in controls, SE was negatively correlated with AL ( r = −0.82, P < 0.001) and LT ( r = −0.34, P = 0.02), positively correlated with ALR ( r = 0.29, P = 0.04). Conclusions Patients at early stage of FEVR exhibited a unique eye morphology resembling ocular development arrest, which may help to develop screening and early detection tools for FEVR. In FEVR patients, myopia is very prevalent and significantly associated with corneal curvature increase.

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“…Ideally, by targeting hyperopia in the early postoperative period according to the recommendation above, significant myopic shift are expected to occur over time and emmetropization will be achieved by age 8 years, which is consistent with the refractive development of a healthy child. 29 Meanwhile, it may reduce the likelihood of high refractive error in final refraction. In addition, it should be emphasized that the goal postoperatively is to optimize the final CDVA, not uncorrected visual acuity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Postoperative longitudinal refractive changes in children younger than 8 years with ectopia lentis and Marfan syndrome

Liu,

Lian,

Young

et al. 2024

J Cataract Refract Surg

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Purpose: To evaluate the postoperative longitudinal refractive changes in children under 8 years of age with ectopia lentis and Marfan Syndrome (MFS). Setting: Zhongshan ophthalmic center, Guangzhou, China. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Methods: Medical data of patients diagnosed with ectopia lentis and MFS that underwent surgery before 8 years old were collected. Refractive errors and ocular biometric parameters were collected before surgery and at each follow-up visit. Patients were stratified into groups according to age at surgery and only the eye operated upon first was selected. Multivariable analysis was performed to determine the association between refractive shift and potential risk factors. Results: In total, 54 eyes of 54 patients were enrolled. The median age at surgery was 6.21 years (Interquartile range [IQR], 5.25 to 6.85) and the median follow-up was 2.0 years (IQR, 1.2 to 2.8 years). At 8 years old, patients demonstrated a median myopic shift ranged from -1.75 diopters (D) (IQR, -2.75 to -1.00 D) for the 4-year-old group to -0.13 D (IQR, -0.50 to -0.06 D) for the 7-year-old group. Multivariable analysis showed greater myopic shift was associated with younger age at surgery (P=0.004), male gender (P=0.026) and shorter preoperative axis length (P=0.005). Conclusion: A tendency toward increasing postoperative myopic was demonstrated in children with ectopia lentis and MFS, with the greatest myopic shift in the younger age groups. If the goal is to reach emmetropia by age 8, the immediate postoperative hypermetropic targets should be 1.75D for 4 years old, 1D for 5 years old, 0.5D for 6 years old, 0 to 0.25D for 7 years old.

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Beijing Pinggu Childhood Eye Study: The Baseline Refractive Characteristics in 6- to 12-Year-Old Chinese Primary School Students

Cited by 5 publications

References 30 publications

Refraction and ocular biometric parameters of preschool children in the Beijing whole childhood eye study: the first-year report

Refraction and ocular biometric parameters of preschool children in the Beijing whole childhood eye study: the first-year report

Refractive Status and Biometric Characteristics of Children With Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy

Postoperative longitudinal refractive changes in children younger than 8 years with ectopia lentis and Marfan syndrome

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