Behind the Scenes of Anthocyanins—From the Health Benefits to Potential Applications in Food, Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Fields

Abstract

Anthocyanins are widespread and biologically active water-soluble phenolic pigments responsible for a wide range of vivid colours, from red (acidic conditions) to purplish blue (basic conditions), present in fruits, vegetables, and coloured grains. The pigments’ stability and colours are influenced mainly by pH but also by structure, temperature, and light. The colour-stabilizing mechanisms of plants are determined by inter- and intramolecular co-pigmentation and metal complexation, driven by van der Waals, π–π stacking, hydrogen bonding, and metal-ligand interactions. This group of flavonoids is well-known to have potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, which explains the biological effects associated with them. Therefore, this review provides an overview of the role of anthocyanins as natural colorants, showing they are less harmful than conventional colorants, with several technological potential applications in different industrial fields, namely in the textile and food industries, as well as in the development of photosensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells, as new photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy, pharmaceuticals, and in the cosmetic industry, mainly on the formulation of skin care formulations, sunscreen filters, nail colorants, skin & hair cleansing products, amongst others. In addition, we will unveil some of the latest studies about the health benefits of anthocyanins, mainly focusing on the protection against the most prevalent human diseases mediated by oxidative stress, namely cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and diabetes. The contribution of anthocyanins to visual health is also very relevant and will be briefly explored.

An anthocyanin-rich extract from Zea mays L. var. ceratina alleviates neuronal cell death caused by hydrogen peroxide-induced cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells

“…Anthocyanins, natural pigments belonging to the flavonoid family, are widely recognized for their presence in various fruits, vegetables, and plants, contributing to their distinct colors. In recent years, they have gained significant attention for their potential health benefits, particularly in the field of neuroprotection [ 14 , 15 , 40 ]. Several studies have explored anthocyanins’ neuroprotective properties, yielding promising results.…”

“…Anthocyanins are commonly found in various parts of plants. They have attracted attention for their potential role in brain health and their ability to prevent or manage dementia [ 14 , 15 ]. Several preclinical studies explored the protective effects of anthocyanins against dementia and cognitive decline.…”

Recovery of anthocyanins from Eugenia spp. fruit peels: a comparison between heat- and ultrasound-assisted extraction

“…Thus, food and beverage manufacturers can use anthocyanins to colour foodstuffs as long as they meet the established specifications. 3,4…”

“…They are also thought to help improve heart health and cognitive function and reduce the risk of obesity when included in a regular diet. [4][5][6] Since anthocyanins are considered safe for human consumption, they are regulated as a natural additive by the Codex Alimentarius Commission and have the European Union E code E163. Thus, food and beverage manufacturers can use anthocyanins to colour foodstuffs as long as they meet the established specications.…”

“…Thus, food and beverage manufacturers can use anthocyanins to colour foodstuffs as long as they meet the established specications. 3,4 Among the most common sources of anthocyanins, redpurple berries such as grapes, blueberries, blackberries, cranberries, and purple corn stand out. 7,8 These pigments can also be found in grape pomace and winery by-products, among other plant waste from the agri-food sector.…”