Behind the Discovery of “Nissenbaum's Fixative”

Nissenbaum, Gerald

doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2001.tb00408.x

J Eukaryotic Microbiology

2001

DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2001.tb00408.x

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Behind the Discovery of “Nissenbaum's Fixative”

Gerald Nissenbaum¹

Abstract: The author describes the serendipitous discovery, conception, development, and history of Nissenbaum's Fixative while an undergraduate biology major in the early 1950s. The subsequent uses, applications, and modifications over the past forty-seven years are also described. Some of the modifications omitted from his short original paper are mentioned. Highlights of his subsequent career in the field of medicine are noted.

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Cited by 2 publications

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Leptomyxa valladaresi n. sp. (Amoebozoa, Tubulinea, Leptomyxida), from Mount Teide, Tenerife, Spain

Valle

Lorenzo‐Morales

Maciver

2017

Experimental Parasitology

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Leptomyxa valladaresi was isolated from soil in a pine forest on the southern flank of Mt Teide in Tenerife, Spain. It feeds on bacteria and on a range of other amoebae, and it was possible to establish bi-axenic cultures with L. valladaresi and Acanthamoeba. It is easily propagated on a E. coli also. 18S rDNA gene sequence analysis suggests that it is most closely related to Leptomyxa variabilis, however this amoeba differs in important detail. L. valladaresi is primarily mononucleate whereas L. variabilis is multinucleate. L. valladaresi is a larger amoeba and although the cysts are similar in size, there is no sign of the pore-like structures described in L. variabilis cysts. L. valladaresi can adopt a rapid monopodal and tubular morphology similar to that described for L. neglecta and Rhizamoeba matisi, and is never reticulated as larger L. variabilis individuals tend to be. The mean generation time was found to be 18 h, in line with amoebae of this size. Like other members of the genus, L. valladaresi is reported to harbour intracellular, presumably endosymbiotic bacteria, and a Delftia sp has been identified by 16S PCR a bacterium which is also known to grow within Acanthamoeba. The availability of this easily cultured species will help to characterize of this little studied genus and family and their relationship with bacteria, both prey and symbionts.

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Leptomyxa valladaresi n. sp. (Amoebozoa, Tubulinea, Leptomyxida), from Mount Teide, Tenerife, Spain

Valle

Lorenzo‐Morales

Maciver

2017

Experimental Parasitology

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Acanthamoebaspp. as Agents of Disease in Humans

2003

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Acanthamoeba spp. are free-living amebae that inhabit a variety of air, soil, and water environments. However, these amebae can also act as opportunistic as well as nonopportunistic pathogens. They are the causative agents of granulomatous amebic encephalitis and amebic keratitis and have been associated with cutaneous lesions and sinusitis. Immuno compromised individuals, including AIDS patients, are particularly susceptible to infections with Acanthamoeba. The immune defense mechanisms that operate against Acanthamoeba have not been well characterized, but it has been proposed that both innate and acquired immunity play a role. The ameba's life cycle includes an active feeding trophozoite stage and a dormant cyst stage. Trophozoites feed on bacteria, yeast, and algae. However, both trophozoites and cysts can retain viable bacteria and may serve as reservoirs for bacteria with human pathogenic potential. Diagnosis of infection includes direct microscopy of wet mounts of cerebrospinal fluid or stained smears of cerebrospinal fluid sediment, light or electron microscopy of tissues, in vitro cultivation of Acanthamoeba, and histological assessment of frozen or paraffin-embedded sections of brain or cutaneous lesion biopsy material. Immunocytochemistry, chemifluorescent dye staining, PCR, and analysis of DNA sequence variation also have been employed for laboratory diagnosis. Treatment of Acanthamoeba infections has met with mixed results. However, chlorhexidine gluconate, alone or in combination with propamidene isethionate, is effective in some patients. Furthermore, effective treatment is complicated since patients may present with underlying disease and Acanthamoeba infection may not be recognized. Since an increase in the number of cases of Acanthamoeba infections has occurred worldwide, these protozoa have become increasingly important as agents of human disease

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Behind the Discovery of “Nissenbaum's Fixative”

Cited by 2 publications

References 63 publications

Leptomyxa valladaresi n. sp. (Amoebozoa, Tubulinea, Leptomyxida), from Mount Teide, Tenerife, Spain

Leptomyxa valladaresi n. sp. (Amoebozoa, Tubulinea, Leptomyxida), from Mount Teide, Tenerife, Spain

Acanthamoebaspp. as Agents of Disease in Humans

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