Behavioural and heart rate responses to predation risk in wild and domesticated Atlantic salmon

Johnsson, Jörgen I.; Höjesjö, Johan; Fleming, Ian A.

doi:10.1139/cjfas-58-4-788

Cited by 76 publications

(100 citation statements)

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“…Several studies have demonstrated that cultured fish may diverge significantly from their wild fish population in behaviour, morphometrics, and energetics (Fleming et al 1994;Johnsson et al 2001;Enders et al 2004). In the present study, differences in attraction were observed between wild and hatchery Brook Trout.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 42%

The effects of horizontally and vertically oriented baffles on flow structure and ascent performance of upstream-migrating fish

Enders

Castro‐Santos

Lacey

2017

Journal of Ecohydraulics

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Considerable effort has been expended to construct culverts and fishways that allow for fish passage. However, the designs have seldom considered behaviour, energetics, and biomechanics of fish. In this study, we performed controlled experiments, in which upstreammigrating Alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) and Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were allowed to volitionally enter either one of two open channels. These channels were outfitted with horizontally and vertically oriented baffles. The flow structure was characterized using acoustic Doppler velocimeter measurements. The added baffles had a marked influence on the flow field, which was distinct between horizontal and vertical baffles, indicative of horizontally and vertically orientated vortices, respectively. Passage success was measured, both in terms of attraction and ascent performance under each flow condition. The results indicated that Alewife and Brook Trout staged significantly more attempts into the vertical baffled channel compared to the horizontal baffled channel. However, Alewife traversed greater distances swimming in the channel with the horizontal baffles at the lower flow condition. Brook Trout also swam further under low flow but traversed similar dtistances in both channels. This information furthers our understanding of both ascent performance and behavioural responses of fish in relation to turbulent flow and roughness orientation.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 42%

The effects of horizontally and vertically oriented baffles on flow structure and ascent performance of upstream-migrating fish

Enders

Castro‐Santos

Lacey

2017

Journal of Ecohydraulics

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“…The antipredator response often derives from experience (Kelley and Magurran, 2003), (Brown et al, 2005a;Johnsson et al, 2001a) which may be evident in cultured fish such as those used here (Álvarez and Nicieza, 2003). Whilst this should be considered when interpreting behaviour, alarm pheromone does elicit antipredator responses even in farmed trout (Ashley et al, 2009), though comparisons between wild and farmed individuals could be explored in future studies.…”

Section: Behaviourmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasticity of boldness in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss: do hunger and predation influence risk-taking behaviour?

Thomson

Watts

Pottinger

et al. 2012

Hormones and Behavior

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Article (refereed) -postprintThomson, Jack S.; Watts, Phillip C.; Pottinger, Tom G.; Sneddon, Lynne U. 2012 Plasticity of boldness in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss: do hunger and predation influence risk-taking behaviour? Hormones and Behavior, 61 (5). 750-757. 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.03.014 Contact CEH NORA team at noraceh@ceh.ac.ukThe NERC and CEH trademarks and logos ('the Trademarks') are registered trademarks of NERC in the UK and other countries, and may not be used without the prior written consent of the Trademark owner. Boldness, a measure of an individual's propensity for taking risks, is an important determinant of fitness but is not necessarily a fixed trait. Dependent upon an individual's state, and given certain contexts or challenges, individuals may be able to alter their inclination to be bold or shy in response. Furthermore, the degree to which individuals can modulate their behaviour has been linked with physiological responses to stress. Here we attempted to determine whether bold and shy rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, can exhibit behavioural plasticity in response to changes in state (nutritional availability) and context (predation threat). Individual trout were initially assessed for boldness using a standard novel object paradigm; subsequently, each day for one week fish experienced either predictable, unpredictable, or no simulated predator threat in combination with a high (2% body weight) or low (0.15%) food ration, before being reassessed for boldness. Bold trout were generally more plastic, altering levels of neophobia and activity relevant to the challenge, whereas shy trout were more fixed and remained shy. Increased predation risk generally resulted in an increase in the expression of three candidate genes linked to boldness, appetite regulation and physiological stress responses -ependymin, corticotrophin releasing factor and GABA A -but did not produce a significant increase in plasma cortisol. Plasticity of boldness in rainbow troutThe results suggest a divergence in the ability of bold and shy trout to alter their behavioural profiles in response to internal and exogenous factors, and have important implications for our understanding of the maintenance of different behavioural phenotypes in natural populations.

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“…Genetic changes in wild Atlantic salmon populations, as a result of interbreeding between wild and farmed conspecifics, have been documented (Clifford et al 1998a,b, Crozier 2000, Skaala et al 2006, and it is likely that genetic impacts on wild populations are density dependent (Hindar et al 2006). Farmed salmon strains display lower levels of genetic variation when compared with wild salmon populations (Norris et al 1999, and display genetic differences for traits such as growth (Thodesen et al 1999, Glover et al 2009a), physiology (Johnsson et al 2001, Fleming et al 2002, behaviour (Fleming & Einum 1997) and gene transcription (Roberge et al 2006(Roberge et al , 2008. Furthermore, offspring of farmed fish, and hybrids, display lower fitness in natural habitats when compared to their wild counterparts (McGinnity et al 1997, Fleming et al 2000.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Forensic identification of fish farm escapees: the Norwegian experience

Glover¹

2010

Aquaccult. Environ. Interact.

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Aquaculture management authorities require the ability to identify the farm of origin for escaped fish. Physical tagging is routinely conducted for domesticated animals (e.g. sheep and cattle); however, there are considerable logistical, animal welfare and economic issues that challenge the feasibility of physically tagging all farmed fish. A 'DNA stand-by method' for identification of escaped Atlantic salmon, back to the cage and farm of origin, was established at the Institute of Marine Research in Norway. In addition, proof-of-concept for the method has been demonstrated to be able to trace rainbow trout and Atlantic cod escapees back to their farm source. The combined sampling, genotyping and statistical analysis on which the method is based has been implemented successfully in the identification of fish farm escapees in Norway, resulting in fines for companies found in breach of regulations. This paper reviews the method, its challenges, and some previously considered alternatives. It is concluded that as the method has been successful for the 3 major species farmed in Norway, each with contrasting production logistics including breeding programs, state of domestication, and magnitude of production, the DNA stand-by method can be applicable to identification of fish farm escapees for a wide range of aquaculture species in all regions of the world.

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Behavioural and heart rate responses to predation risk in wild and domesticated Atlantic salmon

Cited by 76 publications

References 0 publications

The effects of horizontally and vertically oriented baffles on flow structure and ascent performance of upstream-migrating fish

The effects of horizontally and vertically oriented baffles on flow structure and ascent performance of upstream-migrating fish

Plasticity of boldness in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss: do hunger and predation influence risk-taking behaviour?

Forensic identification of fish farm escapees: the Norwegian experience

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