Behaviour of synovial fluid on surfaces of articular cartilage. A scanning electron microscope study.

Walker, Peter S.; Sikorski, J.; Dowson, D.; Longfield, M. D.; Wright, V.; Buckley, T.F.

doi:10.1136/ard.28.1.1

Cited by 96 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…On LM preparations it stained with toluidine blue. The appearance of joint fluid in SEM preparations has been described by Walker et al (1969) and material in these specimens displayed a similar granular texture. The TEM appearance of synovial fluid has not been definitively described, and was determined here by side-to-side comparison of TEM and SEM micrographs.…”

Section: Joint Fluidmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…SEM also has been used to study the movement of joint fluid within or upon articular surfaces subjected to compressive loads (Walker et al 1969 ;Kobayashi et al 1996) . These SEM observations lie at the core of theories which contend that joint lubrication involves displacement and\or entrapment of fluid between slightly incongruent articular surfaces (Walker et al 1968).…”

Section: mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The surface contour of articular cartilage in an intact, loaded joint

et al. 1999

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The friction coefficients measured in diarthrodial joints are small. Theories of joint lubrication attribute this efficiency to entrapment or movement of synovial fluid, yet anatomical models of the surface are based on studies of isolated fragments of cartilage, not functional joints. To investigate the functional interrelationship of joint surfaces and synovial fluid, the ultrastructure of loaded joints was examined. Twenty-four New Zealand white rabbit knee joints were loaded either statically or moved ex vivo using simulated muscle forces and then plunge-frozen under load. After fixation in the frozen\loaded state by freeze-substitution fixation, the medial joint compartments were embedded in epoxy resin while still articulated. Bone was trimmed away from the articular surfaces, permitting the cartilage to be sectioned for light and electron microscopy. These joint surfaces were then compared with controls which were not loaded, not moved or had been disarticulated prior to embedding. Articular surfaces of loaded joints were smooth at magnifications from i35 to i7500, whereas the tibial surfaces of nonloaded joints were irregular. Small pools of joint fluid were observed at the meniscal edge and beneath the anterior horn of the meniscus. At magnifications of i40 000, the joint surfaces were separated by a uniform 100 nm space containing fluid. An amorphous, electron dense articular surface lamina was present but, when loaded, was thicker and flatter than previously reported. No surface pits or bumps were visible in embedded, loaded joints. This is the first ultrastructural study of intact loaded joints. The findings suggest that fluid film lubrication is present in diarthrodial joints, but the fluid sequestration postulated in several models is not apparent.

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Section: Joint Fluidmentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: mentioning

confidence: 99%

The surface contour of articular cartilage in an intact, loaded joint

et al. 1999

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“…On the basis of studies of cartilage in transmission electron microscope we can judge that the base of these ridges are collagen fibres reaching into the superficial layer of the cartilage, possibly immediately under its chondral membrane. Of the same opinion are also Walker et al (1969), Inoue et al (1969), Cotta and Puhl (1970), Clarke (1971a, b), Gardner and McGillivray (1971), Puhl (1974), Redler (1974) and others. In contradistinction Clarke (1974), according to results of studies of the surface of the joint cartilage near the fracture and farther away, judges that they are artificial structures evoked mechanically because he did not observe any furrowing of the surface of the cartilage farther from the fracture.…”

Section: Submicroscopic Structure Of the Cartilage Intercellular Subsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Submicroscopic Structure of the Human Joint Cartilage

Horký¹

1980

Acta Vet. Brno

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H 0 r k yD.: Submicroscopic Structure of the Human Joint Cartilage. Acta vet. Brno, 49, 1980: 145-176.Using a transmission and scanning electron microscope the joint cartilage was studied in 43 persons of the age from 5 to 75 years. As far as possible the present study gives a finished survey of the ultrastructure of chondrocytes of the superficial, middle and deep layers of the articular cartilage, arrangement of the intercellular substance; presented are basic data on the formation of the surface of the cartilage with regard to the age of the object. Special attention is given to cartilage intercellular substance which -from the point of view of electron microscopy -has been studied only little. The components of intercellular substance are arranged in such a way that we can distinguish the specialized areas near the chondrocytes as the pericellular matrix on the one hand, and the other intercellular substance, the intercellular matrix, on the other. The surface of the cartilage is covered with a specialized layer designated as lamina splendens. Results of the study proper are confronted with published data not only with regard to human joint cartilage but data on these structures have been studied also in lower mammals as much knowledge holds generally true for this type of tissue. The study summarizes the known facts about joint cartilage and provides a necessary basis for judging the degrees of changes occurring during some of their injuries. Ultrastructure, hip joint cartilage, chondrocytes, intercellular matrix, SEM.A number of authors dealt with the description of submicroscopic structure of joint cartilage; principal studies dealing with human cartilage were published by Zelander (1959), Godman et al. (1960), Fawcett (1966a), Meachim (1967), Stockwell (1967a), Silberger (1968, Weiss et al. (1968). Brower and Hsu (1969), Roy (1969), Meachim (1969), Meachim and Roy (1969), Hirohata and Morimoto (1971), Stockwell andMeachim (1973), Serafini-Fracassini and Smith (1974), and others. The present study gives the most possible finished survey about the ultrastructure of both the chondrocytes of the joint cartilage and the intercellular substance; given are also basic data on the formation of its surface in dependence on the age of the object. Results of our study are confronted with published data not only with regard to human joint cartilage but also to data on lower mammals as much knowledge holds generally true for this type of tissue. This fact has been proved in studies published by Barnett et al.

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“…Ce résultat semble confirmé par Walker [11] pour qui la surface est ondulée. Les sommets sont formés de larges fibres de collagène et les dépressions de réseaux de petites fibres.…”

Section: Description Et Fonctionnement De L'articulationunclassified

“…Le temps d'écrasement calculé par Fein qui est compatible avec les temps physiologiques est encore augmenté par d'autres facteurs : -l'élasticité des parois (Higginson) [28] -le caractère non newtonien de la synovie : très forte viscosité sous de faibles vitesses et formation d'agré-gats d'hyaluronate à la surface du cartilage, Walter [11] ; Unsworth [29] mesure le coefficient de frottement d'une articulation en fonction du temps. Il observe que celui-ci décroît avec le temps sauf s'il applique la charge brusquement.…”

Section: Lubrification Limiteunclassified

Les propriétés mécaniques des articulations et les aspects phisyques de la lubrification

Renaudeaux

1978

La Houille Blanche

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On estime que 50 000 prothèses de hanche seront posées en France cette année et que ce nombre est en augmentation rapide. Environ 1000 opérés devront à nouveau subir une intervention à la suite de défaillances mécaniques des prothèses.Ces deux statistiques montrent que la compréhension de la mécanique articulaire est un problème d'actualité. Description et fonctionnement de l'articulationLes grandes articulations humaines (hanche, genou, etc.) ont évidemment des formes géométriques diffé-rentes. Elles sont cependant constituées suivant le même modèle ( Fig. 1) et comprennent les 3 éléments importants pour la lubrification: os, cartilage, synovie.

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Behaviour of synovial fluid on surfaces of articular cartilage. A scanning electron microscope study.

Cited by 96 publications

References 8 publications

The surface contour of articular cartilage in an intact, loaded joint

The surface contour of articular cartilage in an intact, loaded joint

Submicroscopic Structure of the Human Joint Cartilage

Les propriétés mécaniques des articulations et les aspects phisyques de la lubrification

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