Behaviour of a flow focusing pneumatic nebulizer with high total dissolved solids solution on radially- and axially-viewed inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry

Aerosol dilution for the introduction of complex matrix samples in plasma-based spectrometry techniques: a tutorial review

“…In the case of the introduction of more concentrated solutions, specific nebulizers are also available from different manufacturers. 8,20…”

A novel concentric grid nebulizer for inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry

“…More recently, new types of nebulizers that utilize a owfocusing effect 13,14 and a ow-blurring effect 14,15 have realized ne nebulization along with high TDS tolerance. [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] We have previously developed a high performance concentric nebulizer (HPCN) utilizing the ow-focusing effect. [25][26][27][28] The HPCN has a unique triple-tube concentric structure, by which micro-thread liquid ows are formed inside the nebulizer nozzle that does not come into contact with the gas exit orice.…”

Correction of matrix effects for As and Se in ICP OES using a Flow Blurring® multiple nebulizer

“…In this context, the Flow Blur-ringÒ multiple nebulizer (FBMN) has been introduced as a new and efficient aerosol generation technology for liquid sample introduction into the plasma. [5][6][7] Flow BlurringÒ and Flow FocusingÒ were described by Gañ an-Calvo and Rosell-Llompart. 8,9 Particularly, both technologies produce a finer aerosol in comparison with a conventional pneumatic nebulizer.…”