Behavioral Therapy for Acute Post‐Surgical Phantom Limb Pain in a Young Adult With Osteosarcoma

Graded motor imagery and its phases for individuals with phantom limb pain following amputation: A scoping review

“…36,86 Figure 5 summarizes the number of works using each phase. Most works (84%) used the mirror therapy phase of graded motor imagery, with 75% using traditional mirror therapy 28,29,31,[33][34][35][36][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45]49,50,52,53,56,57,59,[63][64][65][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89] and 11% using virtual reality as mirror therapy. 47,…”

“…28,29 Of the works reporting the sex or gender of participants (85%), there were combined totals of 772 male and 257 female participants. 28–80 In 84% of works, no information about the race or ethnicity of participants was reported. 28–32,35…”

“…28,32,36,41,49,50,53,55,59,62,72,77,80–89 Most works included participants with unilateral amputations. 28–36,38–53,56,57,59,61–72,74–81,83…”

“…The most common outcomes measured in the included works were phantom limb pain intensity (95%), 28–48,50–54,56–60,66,75–81,83–87,89 phantom limb pain frequency (16%), 32,33,46,47,50,54–56,81,84 phantom limb pain duration (16%), 32,33,47,50,54,56,77,81,84,85 and pain interference (13%). 36,49–…”

“… 37 , 54 , 55 , 58 , 60 , 73 Twenty-four works (39%) reported focusing on participants with amputations due to non-dysvascular causes (e.g. trauma, cancer, and congenital limb differences), 28 – 30 , 35 , 38 , 40 , 42 – 44 , 46 , 48 , 57 , 58 , 60 , 64 , 65 , 67 – 71 , 75 , 78 , 79 but many authors (33%) did not report the causes of amputation for their participants. 37 , 47 , 49 , 51 – 54 , 56 , 59 , 61 , 76 , 81 – 89 Information about the level of amputation, time since amputation, prosthesis use, and medication use of participants is summarized in Figure 4A to D.…”