Behavioral Strategy and the Physiological Stress Response in Rainbow Trout Exposed to Severe Hypoxia

Raaij, M.T.M. van; Pit, D. S. S.; Balm, P.H.M.; Steffens, A.B.; Thillart, Guido E.E.J.M. van den

doi:10.1006/hbeh.1996.0012

Cited by 170 publications

(102 citation statements)

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“…Plasma lactate is an indirect outcome of this generation of muscle lactic acid, and several studies have found elevated lactate associated with delayed mortality following exercise or hypoxia (Wood et al, 1983;Ferguson and Tufts, 1992;van Raaij et al, 1996). However, this relationship is not found in all species (see Davis et al, 2001), nor do we have enough information to establish a threshold for plasma lactate (or other parameters) that would allow for a predictive index of determining when mortality would occur.…”

Section: Recovery and Mortalitymentioning

confidence: 88%

Physiological response of wild rainbow trout to angling: impact of angling duration, fish size, body condition, and temperature

2005

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This study evaluated the immediate physiological response of wild rainbow trout to catch-and-release angling in the Alagnak River, southwest Alaska. Information was recorded on individual rainbow trout (n = 415) captured by angling including landing time and the time required to remove hooks (angling duration), the time to anesthetize fish in clove oil and withdraw blood, fish length and weight, and water temperature at capture locations. Plasma cortisol, glucose, ions (sodium, potassium, chloride), and lactate were analyzed to determine the effects of angling duration, fish size, body condition, and temperature. Levels of plasma ions did not change significantly during the observed physiological response and levels of plasma glucose were sometimes influenced by length (2000, 2001), body condition (2001), or temperature (2001). Levels of plasma cortisol and lactate in extended capture fish (angling duration greater than 2 min) were significantly higher than levels in rapid capture fish (angling duration less than 2 min). Rapid capture fish were significantly smaller than extended capture fish, reflecting that fish size influenced landing and handling times. Fish size was related to cortisol and lactate in 2002, which corresponded to the year when larger fish were captured and there were longer landing times. Body condition (i.e., weight/length regression residuals index), was significantly related to lactate in 2000 and 2001. Water temperatures were higher in 2001 (mean temperature ± S.E., 13 ± 2 • C) than in 2002 (10 ± 2 • C), and fish captured in 2001 had significantly higher cortisol and lactate concentrations than fish captured in 2002. The pattern of increase in plasma cortisol and lactate was due to the amount of time fish were angled, and the upper limit of the response was due to water temperature. The results of this study indicate the importance of minimizing the duration of angling in order to reduce the sublethal physiological disturbances in wild fish subjected to catch-and-release angling, particularly during warmer water temperatures. It is also important to note that factors such as fish size may influence both the duration of angling and subsequent physiological response.

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Section: Recovery and Mortalitymentioning

confidence: 88%

Physiological response of wild rainbow trout to angling: impact of angling duration, fish size, body condition, and temperature

2005

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“…Moreover, there are several studies on rainbow trout that suggest the existence of different stress coping styles similar to those described in mammals. Van Raaij et al (1996) observed that rainbow trout which displayed strenuous avoidance behaviour when exposed to hypoxia also showed a much larger catecholamine response compared to the individuals who remained calm during the hypoxia. On the other hand, the calm individuals showed a larger increase in plasma cortisol compared to the individuals that tried to actively avoid this aversive stimulus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Divergence in behavioural responses to stress in two strains of rainbow trout () with contrasting stress responsiveness

Schjolden

Bäckström²,

Pulman³

et al. 2005

Hormones and Behavior

115

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The aim of this study was to establish whether two lines of rainbow trout divergent for their plasma cortisol response to a standardized stressor would show consistent differences in their behavioural response to a range of challenging situations. Our results show that the high-and low-responding (HR and LR) lines of rainbow trout did not differ in the aggression shown towards an intruder or in their response to the introduction of a novel object to their home environment. However, there was a difference in behaviour between the two selection lines when they were exposed to two unfamiliar environments. These results suggest that the behaviour of the HR and LR fish differs when they are challenged in unfamiliar environments, while their behaviour does not differ when they are challenged in their home environment. These observations are in agreement with studies on mammals thatshow that individuals with reactive coping styles perform similarly to proactive animals when they are challenged in a familiar environment, while they show different behaviour when they are challenged in unfamiliar environments. Thus, these results provide further evidence that the HR and LR selection lines of rainbow trout exemplify the two different coping styles described in mammals.

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“…Fishes are known to exhibit a generalised stress response to acute hypoxia involving the activation of the sympathetic response and hypothalamo-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis which results in the release of the hormones adrenaline and cortisol respectively (Van Raaij et al 1996b;Rostrup 1998), as well as downstream changes in the circulating concentrations of metabolites such as glucose (Barton 2002). If insufficient oxygen is available to support aerobic ATP production, fish may resort to anaerobic metabolism resulting in the accumulation of lactate (Van Raaij et al 1996b;Zhou et al 2000;Dunn and Hochachka 1986).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If insufficient oxygen is available to support aerobic ATP production, fish may resort to anaerobic metabolism resulting in the accumulation of lactate (Van Raaij et al 1996b;Zhou et al 2000;Dunn and Hochachka 1986). Changes in the concentrations of these hormones and metabolites provide a means by which the severity and duration of the response of fishes to hypoxia can be quantitatively measured.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When exposed to hypoxia the salt marsh mollies spent less time conducting aquatic surface respiration and had lower gill ventilation rates than the river mollies. This may be mediated in part by the fact that the salt marsh mollies were shown to have 14% larger gill surface area than the river mollies and significantly lower critical oxygen tensions (the oxygen tension required to maintain an individual's metabolic rate).Fishes are known to exhibit a generalised stress response to acute hypoxia involving the activation of the sympathetic response and hypothalamo-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis which results in the release of the hormones adrenaline and cortisol respectively (Van Raaij et al 1996b;Rostrup 1998), as well as downstream changes in the circulating concentrations of metabolites such as glucose (Barton 2002). If insufficient oxygen is available to support aerobic ATP production, fish may resort to anaerobic metabolism resulting in the accumulation of lactate (Van Raaij et al 1996b;Zhou et al 2000;Dunn and Hochachka 1986).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effects of acute and chronic hypoxia on cortisol, glucose and lactate concentrations in different populations of three-spined stickleback

O’Connor

Pottinger

Sneddon

2010

Fish Physiol Biochem

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Article (refereed)O'Connor, E.A.; Pottinger, T.G.; Sneddon, L.U.. 2011 The effects of acute and chronic hypoxia on cortisol, glucose and lactate concentrations in different populations of three-spined stickleback. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 37 (3). 461-469. 10.1007/s10695-010-9447-y Contact CEH NORA team at noraceh@ceh.ac.ukThe NERC and CEH trade marks and logos ('the Trademarks') are registered trademarks of NERC in the UK and other countries, and may not be used without the prior written consent of the Trademark owner. ABSTRACTThe response of individuals from three different populations of three-spined sticklebacks to acute and chronic periods of hypoxia (4.4 kPa DO, 2.2 mg l -1 ) were tested using measures of whole-body (WB) cortisol, glucose and lactate. Although there was no evidence of a neuroendocrine stress response to acute hypoxia, fish from the population least likely to experience hypoxia in their native habitat had the largest response to low oxygen, with significant evidence of anaerobic glycolysis after two hours of hypoxia. However, there was no measurable effect of a more prolonged period (seven days) of hypoxia on any of the fish in this study, suggesting that they acclimated to this low level of oxygen over time. Between-population differences in the analytes tested were observed in the control fish of the acute hypoxia trial, which had been in the laboratory for 16 days. However, these differences were not apparent among the control fish in the chronic exposure groups that had been held in the laboratory for 23 days suggesting that these site-specific trends in physiological status were acclimatory. Overall, the results of this study suggest that local environmental conditions may shape sticklebacks' general physiological profile as well as influencing their response to hypoxia. 2 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 Reduced dissolved oxygen (DO) in the water is an important environmental stressor for fish. Periods of low DO, or hypoxia, can occur as a result of many factors such as eutrophication, elevated ambient temperature and algal blooms. With climate-related warming of freshwater bodies predicted to continue (Bates et al. 2008;Johnson et al. 2009), a greater understanding of the response of fish species to consequent environmental factors such as hypoxia could prove beneficial (Gitay et al. 2002). The three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, is a highly adaptable teleost fish, ubiquitous throughout temperate regions of the Northern hemisphere. Their small size, widedistribution, short generation time and ease of care in captivity have made them a popular study species across a number of different disciplines including ecology, toxicology and molecular biology (Barber and Nettleship 2010; Katsiadaki et al. 2007;Colosimo et al. 2005). However, relatively little is known about how these fish respond to hypoxic stress.Previous studies indicate that the three-...

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Behavioral Strategy and the Physiological Stress Response in Rainbow Trout Exposed to Severe Hypoxia

Cited by 170 publications

References 0 publications

Physiological response of wild rainbow trout to angling: impact of angling duration, fish size, body condition, and temperature

Physiological response of wild rainbow trout to angling: impact of angling duration, fish size, body condition, and temperature

Divergence in behavioural responses to stress in two strains of rainbow trout () with contrasting stress responsiveness

The effects of acute and chronic hypoxia on cortisol, glucose and lactate concentrations in different populations of three-spined stickleback

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