“…When the educational setting promotes gender equality in terms of learning opportunities and the development of practical skills, both male and female students possess an equal capacity to cultivate ACS. (Aldraiweesh & Alturki, 2023;De Prada et al, 2022;Guo et al, 2023;Hanisch & Eirdosh, 2023;Merayo & Ayuso, 2023;Qi et al, 2023;Tabassum & Nayak, 2021;Taylor, 2017;Zvavahera et al, 2023). Social, cultural, and value factors that change over time may also play a role in reducing gender differences in the development of action competencies in higher education institutions (Andersen & Smith, 2022;Balducci, 2023;Lundberg, 2020).…”