Behavioral responses of chinstrap and gentoo penguins to a stuffed skua and human nest intruders

Lee, Won Young; Jung, Jin-Woo; Choi, Han-Gu; Chung, Hosung; Han, Yeong-Deok; Cho, Sam-Rae; Kim, Jeong-Hoon

doi:10.1007/s00300-016-1984-0

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Little penguins are the smallest penguin species (Pütz et al, 2013), while king (Bost et al, 2013) and gentoo (Lynch, 2013) penguins are the second and third largest, respectively. Body mass has been proposed to explain differences in intensity of aggression and nest defense between chinstrap and gentoo penguins (Lee et al, 2017). As such, king and gentoo penguins may be less likely to perceive humans as threatening.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this case, social learning may play a role. Both wild and captive penguins show individual variation in responses to humans (Burger & Gochfeld, 2007;Chiew et al, 2020;Hall et al, 2018;Kalafut & Kinley, 2020;Lee et al, 2017;Lynch et al, 2019;Saiyed et al, 2019), and it is possible more timid penguins take cues from others on how to respond to visitors. Adélie penguins traveling between nesting sites and the sea have been reported to "clearly influence each other" (Wilson et al, 1991), and birds can learn about predation threats and respond to alarm calls from both conspecifics and heterospecifics (Griffin, 2004;Ortega, 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, there also is evidence that humans can be minimally disruptive to wild colonies. Potential habituation to human disturbance has been reported for African (van Heezik & Seddon, 1990), gentoo (Barbosa et al, 2013;Cobley & Shears, 1999;Holmes et al, 2006;Lee et al, 2017;Lynch et al, 2019;Nimon et al, 1995Nimon et al, , 1996, Magellanic (Fowler, 1999;Walker et al, 2005Walker et al, , 2006, Humboldt (Ellenberg et al, 2006), yellow-eyed (Ellenberg et al, 2009), emperor (A. forsteri; Burger & Gochfeld, 2007), and king (Viblanc et al, 2012) penguins. For example, Magellanic penguins in more frequently visited colonies exhibited reduced alarm and vigilance behavior as well as lower glucocorticoids in response to approaching humans than those from undisturbed colonies (Walker et al, 2006).…”

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confidence: 98%

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Effects of Crowd Size, Composition, and Noise Level On Pool Use in a Mixed-Species Penguin Colony

Edes¹,

Baskir²,

Bauman³

et al. 2021

AB&C

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Studies on how visitors affect penguins in human care report a mixture of negative, neutral, and positive impacts on behavior and physiology. Swimming is a highly motivated behavior that may promote positive welfare in penguins. We investigated how visitor crowd size, composition, and noise levels impact pool use in a mixed-species colony housing king (Aptenodytes patagonicus; n = 20), gentoo (Pygoscelis papua; n = 14), and southern rockhopper (Eudyptes chrysocome; n = 24) penguins. We used video and sound loggers to record if penguins were on land or in water, the number of human adults and children present, and noise levels using 5-minute scan samples from 09:00-15:00 over 36 continuous days. Data were analyzed using linear mixed models with proportion of penguins in the water as the dependent variable and crowd size, composition, and noise levels in A-weighted (dBA) and C-weighted (dBC) scales as independent variables. Crowd size was positively associated with pool use in gentoo penguins. Crowd composition did not predict pool use in any species. Noise levels in dBA, which is adjusted to the higher frequencies of human hearing, positively predicted pool use in southern rockhopper penguins. Noise levels in dBC, which captures lower frequencies, did not predict pool use in any species. No evidence of negative visitor effects was observed. Instead, these results suggest visitors are a neutral stimulus to king penguins and may be enriching to gentoo and southern rockhopper penguins.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 98%

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Effects of Crowd Size, Composition, and Noise Level On Pool Use in a Mixed-Species Penguin Colony

Edes¹,

Baskir²,

Bauman³

et al. 2021

AB&C

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“…e ., injuries and potential death for the adult) and the reproductive costs of abandoning their current reproduction but surviving to breed another year (Dowling & Bonier, 2018; Frid & Dill, 2002; Montgomerie & Weatherhead, 1988). Accordingly, penguins are usually highly territorial and defensive of their brood (Amat et al, 1996; Côté, 2000; Viñuela et al, 1995), though within species there is clear variation in the degree of territoriality and aggression depending on brood value (Amat et al, 1996; Côté, 2000), the type of threat considered (Lee et al, 2017), and bird personality (Traisnel & Pichegru, 2018). Surprisingly, few studies have investigated how variable AD and FID to approaching predators are in penguins, nor the factors affecting those traits, despite their importance in shaping breeding decisions, and despite the fact that several studies have documented marked effects of disturbance (e.g., ecotourism) on penguin behavior (vigilance and locomotory behavior, time budgets; Burger & Gochfeld, 2007; Holmes et al, 2005, 2006), physiological stress (Carroll et al, 2016; Ellenberg et al, 2006, 2012, 2013; Viblanc et al, 2012), or reproduction (Giese, 1996; McClung et al, 2004; Ellenberg et al, 2006; reviewed in Bateman & Fleming, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Repeatability of alert and flight initiation distances in king penguins: Effects of colony, approach speed, and weather

et al. 2022

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Alert distance (AD) and flight initiation distance (FID) are popular measures used to explore the reaction of prey to approaching predators, and thus the economics underlying optimal escape strategies. AD likely mirrors the effort invested into vigilance, while FID provides an estimate of the perceived risk of an approaching threat. Although individual variation in AD and FID is influenced by environmental factors such as variation in predation pressure and human disturbance, the repeatabilities of these traits (especially AD), and therefore their designation as personality traits, remain under‐investigated. Here, we studied the repeatability of AD, FID, and the decision to flee in a flightless, ground‐breeding seabird, the king penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus). A single experimenter approached three times over three consecutive days 47 incubating king penguins from two different colonies with varying human disturbance levels. We explored the effects of weather, time of day, and approach speed of the experimenter on these behaviors. Weather had an effect on all three behaviors. In warm, sunny weather AD increased. In rainy, windy weather birds were more likely to flee, but waited longer before initiating flight. Faster approach speeds between AD and FID increased FID. Weather conditions and speed of approach affected repeatability estimates, highlighting the need to consider external sources of variation when refining such estimates. FID and the decision to flee were significantly and moderately repeatable (r = 0.26 and 0.57, respectively), while AD was not. There was no evidence of behavioral habituation or sensitization in either colony.

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“…For example, during hunting days, little bustards Tetrax tetrax increase their vigilance and flight behaviours and also exhibit higher concentrations of corticosterone (stress hormone, Casas et al 2009, Tarjuelo et al 2015. However, if animals are repeatedly exposed to the same human-stimulus then the intensity of their behavioural/physiological response may either increase or decrease (Chace and Walsh 2006, Baudains and Lloyd 2007, Viblanc et al 2012, Shutt et al 2014, Lee et al 2017.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

To change or not to change experimenters: caveats for repeated behavioural and physiological measures in Montagu's harrier

Rabdeau

Badenhausser

Moreau

et al. 2019

Journal of Avian Biology

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Animals facing anthropogenic disturbances may exhibit different anti‐predator responses depending on their perception of the risk. Experimental measures of behavioural and physiological traits may be impacted by the disturbance due to experimenter handlings and activities. In this study, we assessed the behavioural and physiological responses of Montagu's harrier chicks Circus pygargus from 14 nests, visited four times from hatching to fledgling by either the same (group I) or different (group NI) experimenters. Escape, aggressiveness and stress‐induced corticosterone concentration increased for both groups over time but chicks from group I showed a higher increase in their behavioural and physiological responses than chicks from group NI. This increase occurred after the second visit when experimenters took the first blood sampling on nestlings. Handling by the same experimenters throughout the study did not result in habituation but in sensitization. Our results suggest that Montagu's harrier nestlings may discriminate between the people who visit their nest and respond to experimenters’ identity. Therefore, we urge researchers working on behaviour and/or the physiology of stress including repeated measurements (such as animal personality studies for instance) to consider whether the experiments should or should not be conducted by the same experimenters (as usually done to minimize bias) as it can influence the outcomes of the experiments.

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Behavioral responses of chinstrap and gentoo penguins to a stuffed skua and human nest intruders

Cited by 10 publications

References 43 publications

Effects of Crowd Size, Composition, and Noise Level On Pool Use in a Mixed-Species Penguin Colony

Effects of Crowd Size, Composition, and Noise Level On Pool Use in a Mixed-Species Penguin Colony

Repeatability of alert and flight initiation distances in king penguins: Effects of colony, approach speed, and weather

To change or not to change experimenters: caveats for repeated behavioural and physiological measures in Montagu's harrier

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