Behavioral Responses by Migratory Chum Salmon to Amino Acids in Natal Stream Water

Yamamoto, Yūzō; Ueda, Hiroshi

doi:10.2108/zsj.26.778

Cited by 23 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Taking a different approach, Yamamoto and Ueda43 studied imprinting and homing responses of Osaru River chum salmon by identifying the amino acid profile of their natal river and testing the behavioural responses of Osaru River chum salmon to an artificial Osaru River water created by dissolving the same concentration and composition of amino acids to blank fresh water. They also created a second artificial river water that was identical except the most abundant amino acid was not added.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence of Olfactory Imprinting at an Early Life Stage in Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha)

Bett

Hinch

Dittman

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) navigate towards spawning grounds using olfactory cues they imprinted on as juveniles. The timing at which imprinting occurs has been studied extensively, and there is strong evidence that salmon imprint on their natal water during the parr-smolt transformation (PST). Researchers have noted, however, that the life histories of some species of Pacific salmon could necessitate imprinting prior to the PST. Juvenile pink salmon (O. gorbuscha) spend less time in fresh water than any other species of Pacific salmon, and presumably must imprint on their natal water at a very young age. The time at which imprinting occurs in this species, however, has not been experimentally tested. We exposed juvenile pink salmon as alevins to phenethyl alcohol (PEA) or control water, reared these fish to adulthood, and then tested their behavioural responses to PEA to determine whether the fish successfully imprinted. We found that pink salmon exposed to PEA as alevins were attracted to the chemical as adults, suggesting that imprinting can occur during this stage. Our finding provides some of the first evidence to support the long-standing belief that imprinting can occur in pink salmon prior to the PST.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence of Olfactory Imprinting at an Early Life Stage in Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha)

Bett

Hinch

Dittman

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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“…Whether this is indicative of a particular importance of these receptors for the biology of these species or simply reflects that Atlantic salmon and zebrafish are the most closely related (although distantly) among the teleosts we examined, has yet to be determined. There is increasing evidence that the odorant cues used by salmon during the final stages of homeward migration are derived from the amino acid composition of their natal stream water (Shoji et al 2000, 2003; Yamamoto and Ueda 2009; Yamamoto et al 2010). Therefore, receptors being capable of recognizing and distinguishing between these types of compounds would be crucial for this process to occur.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The second, and more widely accepted hypothesis, postulates odorant cues specific to different water sources are imprinted in juveniles, retained by them over the course of their ocean phase, and responded to during their upstream migration (Wisby and Hasler 1951). Additional support for the latter hypothesis comes from studies indicating that salmon are able to be imprinted, particularly during parr-smolt transformation, with a single odorant, or mixture of odorants (Shoji et al 2000, 2003; Yamamoto and Ueda 2009; Yamamoto et al 2010). …”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The finding by Liberles and Buck (2009) that all TAAR subtypes, except for TAAR1, are expressed in the olfactory epithelium of mice indicated that both trace amines and their receptors have roles in olfaction. Several studies suggest that the odorant cues responded to by returning Pacific salmon adults are derived from the amino acid composition of natal stream water (Shoji et al 2000, 2003; Ueda 2011, 2012; Yamamoto and Ueda 2009; Yamamoto et al 2010, 2013). Therefore, we hypothesize that TAARs may have an important role in salmonid imprinting and homing.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Genomic Organization and Evolution of the Trace Amine-Associated Receptor (TAAR) Repertoire in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)

Tessarolo

Tabesh

Nesbitt

et al. 2014

G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics

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There is strong evidence that olfaction plays a key role in the homing of salmonids to their natal spawning grounds, particularly in the freshwater phase. However, the physiological and genetic mechanisms behind this biological phenomenon are largely unknown. It has been shown that Pacific salmon respond to dissolved free amino acids from their natal streams. This indicates that amino acids comprise part of the olfcatory cues for imprinting and homing in salmonids. As trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs), a class of olfactory receptors that are close relatives of the G protein-coupled aminergic neurotransmitter receptors, recognize amino acid metabolites, we hypothesize that TAARs play an important role in salmon homing by recognizing olfactory cues. Therefore, to better understand homing in Atlantic salmon, we set out to characterize the TAAR genes in this species. We searched the first assembly of the Atlantic salmon genome for sequences resembling TAARs previously characterized in other teleosts. We identified 27 putatively functional TAAR genes and 25 putative TAAR pseudogenes, which cluster primarily on chromosome 21 (Ssa21). Phylogenetic analysis of TAAR amino acid sequences from 15 vertebrate species revealed the TAAR gene family arose after the divergence of jawed and jawless vertebrates. The TAARs group into three classes with salmon possessing class I and class III TAARs. Within each class, evolution is characterized by species-specific gene expansions, which is in contrast to what is observed in other olfactory receptor families (e.g., OlfCs and oras).

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“…On the basis of our recent electrophysiological experiments, we proposed that amino acids dissolved in the natal stream water might be odorant substances for masu salmon ( O. masou ) [19]. Behavioral experiments further demonstrated that mature chum salmon were attracted to an artificial solution consisting of the same amino acid composition as their natal stream water [20], [21]. These results from electrophysiological and behavioral experiments suggest the possibility that amino acids dissolved in natal stream water are possible natal stream odors for salmon.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Olfactory Imprinting of Amino Acids in Lacustrine Sockeye Salmon

2010

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Juvenile salmon have an olfactory ability to imprint their natal stream odors, but neither the odor properties of natal stream water nor the imprinting timing and duration have been clarified as yet. Here we show, using electrophysiological and behavioral experiments, that one-year-old lacustrine sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) can be imprinted around the stage of parr-smolt transformation (PST) by a single amino acid, 1 µM L-proline (Pro), or L-glutamic acid (Glu). We also show by real-time PCR that changes occur in mRNA levels of the salmon olfactory imprinting-related gene (SOIG) around PST. The electro-olfactogram (EOG) responses of test fish exposed to Pro in March (before PST) and April–June (during PST) for 2 weeks were significantly (1.7-fold) greater than those of non-exposed control fish, but not those of test fish exposed in July (after PST). When Pro and control water were added to the water inlets of a two-choice test tank during the spawning season 2 years after the test water exposure, 80% of maturing and matured test fish exposed before and during PST showed a preference for Pro, whereas those exposed after PST did not. The EOG response of test fish exposed to Pro or Glu for 1 hour, 6 hours, 1 day, 7 days, or 14 days in May revealed that only the response after 14 days of exposure was significantly (1.8-fold) greater than the control. The expression levels of SOIG mRNA increased before and during PST, and decreased after PST. We conclude that one-year-old lacustrine sockeye salmon can be imprinted by a single amino acid before and during PST, and that imprinting requires exposure for at least 14 days.

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Behavioral Responses by Migratory Chum Salmon to Amino Acids in Natal Stream Water

Cited by 23 publications

References 27 publications

Evidence of Olfactory Imprinting at an Early Life Stage in Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha)

Evidence of Olfactory Imprinting at an Early Life Stage in Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha)

Genomic Organization and Evolution of the Trace Amine-Associated Receptor (TAAR) Repertoire in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)

Olfactory Imprinting of Amino Acids in Lacustrine Sockeye Salmon

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