Behavioral Interventions to Enhance Smoking Cessation

Abstract

In the United States, the rate of cigarette smoking has significantly declined over the past 2 decades, but much more work is needed, as almost 20% of adults still smoke and smoking continues to be the leading preventable cause of death. Furthermore, rates of smoking in certain subpopulations have remained relatively stable and have historically been neglected in smoking cessation research. Pharmacotherapy (both prescription and over-the-counter) and behavioral support are known to aid cessation, and their combination is more effective than either alone. There are significant barriers to access, use, and adherence, however, especially with pharmacotherapy. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to provide an update and overview of the numerous behavioral approaches that have been used to enhance smoking cessation. The research described can be classified into the type of approach used, the setting in which it is delivered, and the population targeted. Regardless of the classification, all the approaches attempt to provide smokers with the information, motivation, and behavioral skills thought to be necessary for achieving initial cessation and sustained abstinence. Recommendations for future research on behavioral smoking cessation are also included.

Behavioral Intervention to Support Smoking Cessation and Treating Insomnia in an Elderly Woman Living in a Nursing Home: A Case Study

“…The intervention on Dena was conducted intensively in eight sessions over a span of 12 days. The time period of 12 days was chosen by taking previous research results by Ciccolo and Busch (2015) into account, as well as the fact that that effective MI required a longer contact duration (over 20 minutes) and a higher frequency (more than 2 sessions). Therefore, the 12-day time period was considered ideal for achieving the expected behavior changes and maintaining such changes over a longer time period.…”

“…The result of a systematic review conducted by Thurgood, McNeill, Clark-Carter, and Brose (2016) in smokers who are also substance abusers showed that smoking cessation can be effectively performed using nicotine replacement therapy, behavioral support, cognitive behavioral therapy, or counseling. A comparison between studies by Ciccolo and Busch (2015) suggested that pharmacological interventions by using bupropion and vernicle can help smokers who try to quit because both substances can relieve the symptoms of nicotine withdrawal. However, this kind of pharmacological therapy is usually constrained by costs, access, compliance with medication protocol, and the experience of side effects.…”

“…However, this kind of pharmacological therapy is usually constrained by costs, access, compliance with medication protocol, and the experience of side effects. Therefore, Ciccolo and Busch (2015) found that smoking cessation can be more effective when it is supported by a behavioral approach. This suggests that behavioral intervention still plays a vital role in reducing smoking behavior.…”

“…This suggests that behavioral intervention still plays a vital role in reducing smoking behavior. The following review will outline the two kinds of behavioral interventions that have already been found to be effective in helping smoking cessation: behavioral contracting (Bowers, Winett, & Frederiksen, 1987;Perkins, Conklin, & Levine, 2008) and motivational interviewing (MI; Ciccolo and Busch, 2015;Heckman, Egleston, & Hofmann, 2010).…”

“…The review conducted by Ciccolo and Busch (2015) showed that MI is more effective than brief advice in aiding smoking cessation, and found an even greater effect when MI is done by a qualified counselor or primary care physician, in longer contact periods (over 20 minutes), and more frequently (more than 2 sessions). Other reviews conducted by Ciccolo and Busch (2015) also indicated that MI is more ideal for aiding smoking cessation in individuals who have low motivation to stop smoking. This paper will report on the procedures and effectiveness of the application of behavioral contracting supported by MI for smoking cessation in an elderly woman who lives in a nursing home.…”