Behavioral health service use post‐jail release and reduced risk of return to jail

Smith, Joseph L.; Khatri, Utsha G.; Olubiyi, Oluwatoyin; Hadley, Trevor R.; Lim, Suet; Mandell, David S.; Kang-Yi, Christina D

doi:10.1002/jcop.22813

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Despite the association of MHSA and reincarceration, more than 40% of releases resulted in reincarceration without any MHSA, suggesting a high level of unmet health service needs in this population. Prior studies have similarly identified a high level of unmet mental health service needs among people with mental disorder diagnoses in North America. For example, a US study found that among people with serious mental disorder diagnoses, only 40% had received any treatment services in the prior year.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Association of Mental Health Services Access and Reincarceration Among Adults Released From Prison in British Columbia, Canada

Palis

Rioux

et al. 2022

JAMA Netw Open

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ImportanceDiagnosis of mental disorder is prevalent among people who have been incarcerated. Nevertheless, community mental health services are often limited following release from prison, and reincarceration rates are high. The prevalence of mental disorders is growing among people who are incarcerated in British Columbia (BC), Canada, increasing the urgency of timely and accessible mental health services after release.ObjectiveTo examine the association of mental health services access and timeliness of services access with reincarceration risk among people released from prison.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsIn this cohort study, mental disorder diagnoses were derived from International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision or International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision codes in administrative health records. Data on prison release and reincarceration were retrieved from corrections records. Population-based health and corrections data were retrieved from the BC Provincial Overdose Cohort, which contains a 20% general population random sample of 1 089 677 BC residents. This study examined releases from provincial prisons between January 1, 2015, and December 31, 2018, among people in the 20% random sample who had a mental disorder diagnosis in the year before their release. Analyses were performed from January to June 2022.ExposuresMental health services access (primary care, emergency department visits, or hospitalization) and sociodemographic, health, and incarceration characteristics.Main Outcomes and MeasuresA multistate modeling approach was taken. Cox proportional hazards models were stratified by transition, from release to reincarceration, with and without mental health services access. A state arrival extended model examined the influence of timeliness of mental health services access on subsequent hazard of reincarceration.ResultsA total of 4171 releases among 1664 people (3565 releases among male individuals [84.6%]; 2948 releases [70.7%] among people &lt;40 years old; 2939 releases [70.5%] among people with concurrent substance use disorder diagnosis) were identified. The total study follow-up time was 2834.53 person-years, with a mean (SD) of 0.68 (0.93) years and median (IQR) of 0.25 (0.07-0.84) years per release. Mental health services access was associated with a reduction in the hazard of reincarceration (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.39-0.94). For each additional month between release and mental health services access, the hazard of reincarceration was increased by 4% (hazard ratio, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.01-1.07).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cohort study of people with mental disorder diagnoses released from prison in BC, mental health services access was associated with reduced reincarceration risk. These findings suggest that these services may have the greatest impact on reducing reincarceration risk when they are available in a timely manner in the days and weeks immediately following release.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Association of Mental Health Services Access and Reincarceration Among Adults Released From Prison in British Columbia, Canada

Palis

Rioux

et al. 2022

JAMA Netw Open

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“…The importance of identifying these conditions at the time of jail entry can also inform engagement with services during the relatively brief period of confinement that is characteristic of local detention centers. This connection and continuation of care through release have been shown to reduce the chance of returning to the detention center (Smith et al, 2022), making it a critical point in the service delivery system. The association between broad indicators of substance use and jail readmission is generally established, but there is a significant lack of current information related to specific diagnostic indications and how these conditions contribute to repeat admissions in rural areas.…”

Section: Sud In Jail Populationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Substance use disorder and rural detention center readmission: Results from a 3-year prospective cohort study.

Kopak¹,

Raggio²

2023

Journal of Rural Mental Health

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Despite the steady increase in drug-related overdoses and deaths in custody recorded in jails, limited research has focused on substance use disorder (SUD) in rural county detention facilities. The first goal of this study was to provide an accurate assessment of the prevalence of SUDs in a rural jail and the second was to determine how these specific conditions were associated with readmission over a 3-year period. Comprehensive interviews consistent with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition SUD diagnoses were conducted with a cohort of 283 participants admitted to a rural detention center in a southern Appalachian County. Official records were obtained from the facility's database to determine the number of admissions and the length of detention. After identifying bivariate associations between specific SUDs and readmission, multivariate models were estimated to further assess these relationships while accounting for demographic background factors. Alcohol use disorder (71.0%) was the most prevalent condition, followed by methamphetamine (48.8%), and cannabis (36.4%). Those who endorsed criteria consistent with more severe designations of methamphetamine use disorder (MUD) had higher rates of readmission (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.11, p = .031) compared with those who did not endorse similar criteria. A MUD was also associated with a significantly higher rate of days detained (IRR = 1.17, p = .004), demonstrating a longer period of detention for those who endorsed these criteria. Identifying specific SUDs in rural jail populations is an important first step toward a long-term strategy to reduce lengths of confinement and the likelihood of repeat admissions. Public Health Significance StatementThe majority of people admitted to rural jails present indications of substance use disorder, but comprehensive assessments are not available in many facilities. Alcohol and methamphetamine are among the most prevalent in some areas, and the most severe cases are associated with an increased likelihood of readmission. Rural jails must facilitate connections to care in order to reduce lengths of detention and the risk of repeated admissions.

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“…This model specifically provides a framework of contacts or “intercepts” for people with mental illness in the criminal-legal system including: community (Intercept 0), law enforcement (Intercept 1), court hearings and jails (Intercept 2 & 3), re-entry (Intercept 4) (Munetz & Griffin, 2006 ), and community supervision (e.g., parole and probation) (Intercept 5) (Associates PR, 2023 ). For example, interventions to improve linkage to mental health treatment in the community have proven to be a successful strategy to prevent re-incarceration (Smith et al, 2022 ; Stewart et al, 2022 ). However, one aspect of intervening at “Intercept 2” is that the identification and treatment of mental illness (Administration SAaMHS, 2019 ), including substance use disorder, has been challenging to evaluate thus far (Martin et al, 2018 a; Simpson & Jones, 2018 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Racial Differences in Self-Report of Mental Illness and Mental Illness Treatment in the Community: An Analysis of Jail Intake Data

Plummer,

Guardado,

Ngassa

et al. 2023

Adm Policy Ment Health

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Jails and prisons in the United States house people with elevated rates of mental health and substance use disorders. The goal of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the frequency of racial/ethnic differences in the self-report of mental illness and psychiatric medication use at jail entry. Our sample included individuals who had been incarcerated between 2016 and 2020 at the Middlesex Jail & House of Correction, located in Billerica, MA. We used data from the “Offender Management System,” the administrative database used by the jail containing data on people who are incarcerated, and COREMR, the electronic medical record (EMR) used in the Middlesex Jail & House of Correction. We evaluated two primary outcomes (1) self-reported mental illness history and (2) self-reported use of psychiatric medication, with the primary indicator of interest as race/ethnicity. At intake, over half (57%) of the sample self-reported history of mental illness and 20% reported the use of psychiatric medications. Among people who self-reported a history of mental illness, Hispanic (AOR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.60–0.90), Black (AOR: 0.52, 95% CI: 0.43–0.64), Asian/Pacific Islander (Non-Hispanic) people (AOR: 0.31, 95% CI: 0.13–0.74), and people from other racial/ethnic groups (AOR: 0.33, 95% CI: 0.11–0.93) all had decreased odds of reporting psychiatric medications. Mental illness was reported in about one-half of people who entered jail, but only 20% reported receiving medications in the community prior to incarceration. Our findings build on the existing literature on jail-based mental illness and show racial disparities in self-report of psychiatric medications in people who self-reported mental illness. The timing, frequency, and equity of mental health services in both the community and the jail setting deserves further research, investment, and improvement.

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Behavioral health service use post‐jail release and reduced risk of return to jail

Cited by 5 publications

References 24 publications

Association of Mental Health Services Access and Reincarceration Among Adults Released From Prison in British Columbia, Canada

Association of Mental Health Services Access and Reincarceration Among Adults Released From Prison in British Columbia, Canada

Substance use disorder and rural detention center readmission: Results from a 3-year prospective cohort study.

Racial Differences in Self-Report of Mental Illness and Mental Illness Treatment in the Community: An Analysis of Jail Intake Data

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