Behavioral formulations of depression.

Eastman, Clive

doi:10.1037/0033-295x.83.4.277

Cited by 49 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…281-282). Although many of the previous theories do not explain that phenomenon, the present model and some other models disputed them (behavioural viewpoint: Eastman, 1976;Seligman, 1975;cognitive viewpoint: Champion & Power, 1995;Power & Dalgleish, 1997).…”

Section: Explanations For ''Success Depression''contrasting

confidence: 71%

Self-Focus and Depression: The Three-Phase Model

Sakamoto

2000

Behav. Cogn. Psychother.

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Some studies suggest that self-focus contributes to the onset of depression. A new cogitive model of depression, the three-phase model of self-focus and depression, is presented here to explain the mechanism of the onset and maintenance of depression. In this model, the relationship between self-focus and the course of depression is divided into three phases: (1) initiation, (2) operation, and (3) maintenance. Previous studies examining the relationship between self-focus and depression are reviewed, within the framework of the model: (1) studies investigating situations that will initiate self-focus; (2) studies examining the effects of self-focus on behaviour, cognition, and affect; and (3) studies examining the duration of self-focusing. The model is then presented and propositions derived from it are outlined. Finally, suggestions are made for preventing depression, for recovery from it and for the scope of application of the model.

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Section: Explanations For ''Success Depression''contrasting

confidence: 71%

Self-Focus and Depression: The Three-Phase Model

Sakamoto

2000

Behav. Cogn. Psychother.

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“…This assumption is reflected in the formulations of Costello (1972), Ferster (1966, Lazarus (1968), and Lewinsohn (1974Lewinsohn ( , 1976. As Eastman (1976) pointed out, each of these models stresses different ways in which reinforcement loss may generate a depressive process.…”

Section: Stage Vi: Selective Perception and Recallmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychotherapy of depression: A self-confirmation model.

Andrews¹

1989

Psychological Review

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The concepts of self-confirmation, interpersonal diagnosis, and prototype construction are used to integrate research and clinical findings concerning depression. The person is conceptualized as sustaining his or her self-concept through a feedback loop that provides both interpersonal and intrapsychic confirmation. The personality styles specified in interpersonal diagnosis are viewed as prototypes that characterize the self-confirmation strategies used by different sorts of individuals. It is argued that various theories of depression reflect distinct segments of the depressive self-confirmation feedback cycle, and hence the stages of that cycle provide a systematic basis for deriving prototype features at both descriptive and causal levels. Various interventions are targeted toward different links in the self-confirmation cycle, and all effective interventions can lead, in different ways, to rechanneling the cycle as a whole. For this reason, combinations of interventions will often be particularly valuable. The therapeutic relationship also helps to redirect the depressive client's self-confirmation patterns and should be coordinated with target-specific interventions in order to attain maximum therapeutic impact.

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“…In addition to their general psychomotor retardation, endogenous depressives also show a specific decrease in pleasure seeking, or 'loss of interest' (APA, 1980;Nelson & Charney, 1981). This aspect of depression has generated relatively little research, but to compensate there is a considerable body of theory which deals with the possibility that the behaviour of depressives produces situations in which they experience a reduced frequency of pleasurable events (Eastman, 1976). One suggestion is that depressives fail to engage in forms of behaviour which lead to pleasant consequences because their behaviour is dominated by characteristics directed at escaping from or avoiding unpleasant situations (Ferster, 1973;Lewinsohn et al 1969).…”

Section: Pleasurementioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive functioning in depression: a review of theory and research

Willner

1984

Psychol. Med.

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SynopsisThis paper reviews recent research into cognitive functioning in depression, with particular reference to the theories of Lewinsohn, Beck, Seligman and Klein. The major cognitive changes in depression are a decrease in the ability to maintain concentration and effort, and an increase in the relative salience of aversive events and memories, with a corresponding decrease in the salience of pleasant events. There is as yet little evidence to support the view that depressions arise out of pre-existing depressive attitudes. Attention is drawn to the heterogeneity of depressive disorders, and the significance of the endogenous/non-endogenous distinction is discussed.

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Behavioral formulations of depression.

Cited by 49 publications

References 24 publications

Self-Focus and Depression: The Three-Phase Model

Self-Focus and Depression: The Three-Phase Model

Psychotherapy of depression: A self-confirmation model.

Cognitive functioning in depression: a review of theory and research

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