Behavioral Ecology and Interindividual Distance of Woolly Monkeys (Lagothrix lagothricha) in a Rainforest Fragment in Colombia

Zárate, Diego A.; Stevenson, Pablo R.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-0697-0_13

Cited by 59 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…In fact, we observed a tendency to find a higher frequency of social behaviors in Tinigua (producing 616 kg.ha 1 .yr 1 of ripe fruits, Stevenson 2014) than in Guacharos, the least productive forest (327 kg.ha 1 .yr 1 , Cifuentes et al 2013). However, the frequency of social interactions was also low at the fragment in El Trueno station, which showed high fruit productivity (685 kg.ha 1 .yr 1 , Zárate and Stevenson 2014). This could be explained by the low frequency of mating and chest rubbing in El Trueno, perhaps because many females were pregnant during the study period, and therefore, they were not sexually active.…”

Section: Influences Of Environmental Factors On Social Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 58%

“…This suggests that, in times of fruit scarcity, energetic limitations reduce the possibility of performing this type of energy-demanding activities (Stevenson et al 1994;Di Fiore and Rodman 2001), especially those that do not directly affect reproductive success, such as play. However, this pattern is less clear in other studied populations (Gonzalez and Stevenson 2010;Zárate and Stevenson 2014;Vargas et al 2014). Even though these differences could be due to the different ecological conditions, it is also clear that adequate ways to quantify the variables of interest require extensive sampling.…”

Section: Social and Ecological Characteristics Of Woolly Monkeysmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…However, we found differences when comparing the proximity patterns of adult males and adult females, which could be related to a strategy aimed at improving reproductive success. Finally, when comparing populations, it is worth noticing that woolly monkeys in fragments do not deviate from normal social interactions, at least when the patches show high productivity (Zárate and Stevenson 2014). Overall, differences between years and between populations are most likely caused by temporal changes in the composition and status of group members.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This species is found in Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil, Perú, and Ecuador (Di Fiore et al 2010), and the most threatened subspecies is the Colombian woolly monkey (L. lagothricha lugens), distributed along central and eastern ridges and adjacent lowlands (Bennett 2003;Defler 2010). Increasing human population densities and deforestation rates in this part of the country have caused severe forest fragmentation (Stevenson and Link 2008); however, the effects of anthropogenic disturbance on the behavior and ecology of woolly monkeys are just in their initial phase (Zárate and Stevenson 2014). Here, we review what is known about the social interactions of woolly monkeys, and we evaluate whether there are similar proximity patterns across populations at Tinigua and Guacharos National Parks (continuous forests) and El Trueno station (forest fragment), focusing especially on female relations.…”

Section: Social and Ecological Characteristics Of Woolly Monkeysmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Social Interactions and Proximal Spacing in Woolly Monkeys: Lonely Females Looking for Male Friends

Stevenson

Zárate

Ramírez

et al. 2015

Dispersing Primate Females

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Section: Influences Of Environmental Factors On Social Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 58%

Section: Social and Ecological Characteristics Of Woolly Monkeysmentioning

confidence: 85%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Social and Ecological Characteristics Of Woolly Monkeysmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Social Interactions and Proximal Spacing in Woolly Monkeys: Lonely Females Looking for Male Friends

Stevenson

Zárate

Ramírez

et al. 2015

Dispersing Primate Females

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…In the Orinoquia the main drivers of habitat loss and fragmentation are similar to the rest of Colombia, and includes illegal crops (Armenteras et al 2009(Armenteras et al , 2013Castiblanco et al 2013). Studies evaluating the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on primates in the Orinoquia are scarce and limited to density estimates of populations in forest fragments Carretero-Pinzon 2013a) and behavioral studies of species living in forest fragments (Zarate & Stevenson 2014).…”

Section: Research Gaps and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conservation planning for primate communities in rapidly transforming landscapes

Carretero-Pinzón¹

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Deforestation in tropical forests is a leading cause of biodiversity loss, including for primate species. In this context the processes, habitat loss and fragmentation are two of the main drivers of primate population declines. However, we still know little about the importance of each of these processes (i.e. habitat loss and fragmentation) across different scales for understanding impacts on primate populations. In particular, the vast majority of primate studies on the effect of habitat loss and fragmentation have been conducted only at the patch scale, without paying attention to patterns and processes at broader landscape scales. Understanding how habitat loss and fragmentation affect primate species' occurrence, abundance, group structure is important to propose improved management actions for primates in fragmented landscapes. This thesis evaluates the effect of landscape change on primate species occupancy, abundance, group structure at different scales and incorporates them into a systematic conservation planning process.The thesis has four aims: 1) determine what we currently know about the effects of patch size in primates and whether or not it varies across life history traits; 2) determine the relative importance of site-scale, patch-scale and landscape-scale variables for primate species occupancy and abundance in the Colombian Llanos; 3) determine the relative importance of site-scale, patch-scale and landscape-scale variables for primate species group density, composition and size in the Colombian Llanos; and 4) based on the model from (3) identify priority conservation areas for primate conservation in the Colombian Llanos, using systematic conservation planning. To address these, I first conducted a systematic review of the published literature to determine what we know about the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on primate species and whether or not those effects relate to life history traits. Then I use a multi-scale analysis of the variables affecting the occurrence, abundance, group size and composition of primate species in fragmented landscapes, using four primate species of the Colombian Llanos as examples. I then incorporate the models developed for the Colombian Llanos primate species into a prioritization process using systematic conservation planning.iii My systematic review shows that density, parasitic prevalence and diversity, and time spent feeding are generally positively correlated with patch size, while species presence and genetic diversity are negatively correlated. Time spent resting and moving did not show clear patterns with changes in patch size. I found little evidence that the effect of patch size varies consistently with traits but this may be due to confounding factors and/or low sample sizes. My novel application of a multi-scaled analysis to primates in the Colombian Llanos demonstrated that occupancy was associated with a combination of patch-site variables, site-landscape or patchlandscape variables depending on the primate species, with site and ...

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Neotropical primate communities: Effects of disturbance, resource production and forest type heterogeneity

Stevenson

2015

American J Primatol

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Undisturbed primate communities in the Neotropics are bottom-up structured as their biomass and species richness can be predicted from fruit production. However, the effects of fruit scarcity and the availability of forest types have not been fully analyzed, and seasonality is expected to differently affect small and large monkeys. The first aim of this study was to examine the effect of contrasting forest types within a location on the temporal variation in fruit production. The second was to assess the relative roles of disturbance, climate, patterns of fruit and leaf production, and plant composition on determining Neotropical primate communities. I compiled population density data for diurnal primate species from 154 sites to calculate species richness and assemblage biomass. Fruit abundance in the study sites was estimated from fruit trap data and phenology transects, and fruit variability was calculated as the monthly coefficient of variation (CV) and the length of the fruit scarcity period (LFSP). The results indicate that fruit production in floodplain forests is generally more variable than in terra firme forests, and this variation decreases in habitats with mixed forest types. Endozoochorous fruit production (based on fruit traps) and litter productivity were good predictors of the biomass of Neotropical primates (R = 0.83 and R = 0.59, respectively), but neither CV nor LFSP were good predictors. The biomass of large primates was independent of rainfall variation, but the biomass of small and medium sized monkeys was negatively correlated with temporal rainfall variability. Varzea forests tended to show higher biomass than those from terra firme and igapó. These results suggest that the production of fleshy fruits is the best predictor of the structure of primate assemblages in the Neotropics, but the effect of leaf quality and productivity remains to be investigated. Am. J. Primatol. 78:391-401, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Behavioral Ecology and Interindividual Distance of Woolly Monkeys (Lagothrix lagothricha) in a Rainforest Fragment in Colombia

Cited by 59 publications

References 41 publications

Social Interactions and Proximal Spacing in Woolly Monkeys: Lonely Females Looking for Male Friends

Social Interactions and Proximal Spacing in Woolly Monkeys: Lonely Females Looking for Male Friends

Conservation planning for primate communities in rapidly transforming landscapes

Neotropical primate communities: Effects of disturbance, resource production and forest type heterogeneity

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