Behavioral consequences of congenital rubella

Chess, Stella; Fernandez, Paulina; Korn, Sam

doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(78)80921-4

Cited by 186 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The study reported 18 children with some degree of autism, implying an incidence of 741 cases per 10 000 among the population of CRS children, considered high even today and an especially high rate for the time. Chess followed-up as the children aged and found even higher rates of autism (905 per 10 000) (Chess, 1977(Chess, , 1978, thus establishing a link between CRS and autism that has been supported by others (Deykin and MacMahon, 1979). A 2016 reappraisal of rubella-related ASD suggested Figure 1.…”

Section: Congenital Infectionmentioning

confidence: 74%

The Role of the Immune System in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Meltzer

Water

2016

Neuropsychopharmacol

384

293

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Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in communication and social skills as well as repetitive and stereotypical behaviors. While much effort has focused on the identification of genes associated with autism, research emerging within the past two decades suggests that immune dysfunction is a viable risk factor contributing to the neurodevelopmental deficits observed in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Further, it is the heterogeneity within this disorder that has brought to light much of the current thinking regarding the subphenotypes within ASD and how the immune system is associated with these distinctions. This review will focus on the two main axes of immune involvement in ASD, namely dysfunction in the prenatal and postnatal periods. During gestation, prenatal insults including maternal infection and subsequent immunological activation may increase the risk of autism in the child. Similarly, the presence of maternally derived anti-brain autoantibodies found in~20% of mothers whose children are at risk for developing autism has defined an additional subphenotype of ASD. The postnatal environment, on the other hand, is characterized by related but distinct profiles of immune dysregulation, inflammation, and endogenous autoantibodies that all persist within the affected individual. Further definition of the role of immune dysregulation in ASD thus necessitates a deeper understanding of the interaction between both maternal and child immune systems, and the role they have in diagnosis and treatment.

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Section: Congenital Infectionmentioning

confidence: 74%

The Role of the Immune System in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Meltzer

Water

2016

Neuropsychopharmacol

384

293

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“…Numerous case reports exist that reported associations of maternal thalidomide use, 70 maternal valproic acid use 67,71,72 or maternal alcohol abuse 73,74 during pregnancy. The association of congenital rubella with autism has been studied in a longitudinal study on 243 children with congenital rubella, 75,76 of whom 7% developed typical or atypical autism. With about 2%, another relatively frequent medical condition in AD is cerebral palsy.…”

Section: Associated Non-genetic Medical or Environmental Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The genetics of autistic disorders and its clinical relevance: a review of the literature

2006

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Twin and family studies in autistic disorders (AD) have elucidated a high heritability of the narrow and broad phenotype of AD. In this review on the genetics of AD, we will initially delineate the phenotype of AD and discuss aspects of differential diagnosis, which are particularly relevant with regard to the genetics of autism. Cytogenetic and molecular genetic studies will be presented in detail, and the possibly involved aetiopathological pathways will be described. Implications of the different genetic findings for genetic counselling will be mentioned.

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“…These agents could directly damage the mitochondria and reduce their efficiency, or impair functional activity by increasing body burden of free radicals and resultant oxidative stress. Drugs like valproic acid and thalidomide [68,69] , as well as exposure to viruses such as rubella and cytomegalovirus [70,71] are examples of environmental factors that have a known causal role in autism. However, many more environmental toxins including pesticides [53,72] , polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) [73] , industrial chemicals [73][74][75][76] , and toxic metals such as mercury [77,78] , lead [79,80] , cadmium, nickel [74] , and tin [81] have also been implicated in ASD.…”

Section: Possible Causes Of Mtd In Autismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Autism and Implications for Treatment

Rossignol¹,

Bradstreet²

2008

American J. of Biochemistry and Biotechnology

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Classical mitochondrial diseases occur in a subset of individuals with autism and are usually caused by genetic anomalies or mitochondrial respiratory pathway deficits. However, in many cases of autism, there is evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction (MtD) without the classic features associated with mitochondrial disease. MtD appears to be more common in autism and presents with less severe signs and symptoms. It is not associated with discernable mitochondrial pathology in muscle biopsy specimens despite objective evidence of lowered mitochondrial functioning. Exposure to environmental toxins is the likely etiology for MtD in autism. This dysfunction then contributes to a number of diagnostic symptoms and comorbidities observed in autism including: cognitive impairment, language deficits, abnormal energy metabolism, chronic gastrointestinal problems, abnormalities in fatty acid oxidation, and increased oxidative stress. MtD and oxidative stress may also explain the high male to female ratio found in autism due to increased male vulnerability to these dysfunctions. Biomarkers for mitochondrial dysfunction have been identified, but seem widely under-utilized despite available therapeutic interventions. Nutritional supplementation to decrease oxidative stress along with factors to improve reduced glutathione, as well as hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) represent supported and rationale approaches. The underlying pathophysiology and autistic symptoms of affected individuals would be expected to either improve or cease worsening once effective treatment for MtD is implemented.

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Behavioral consequences of congenital rubella

Cited by 186 publications

References 8 publications

The Role of the Immune System in Autism Spectrum Disorder

The Role of the Immune System in Autism Spectrum Disorder

The genetics of autistic disorders and its clinical relevance: a review of the literature

Evidence of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Autism and Implications for Treatment

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