Behavioral antagonism between lead and cadmium

Nation, Jack R.; Grover, Cathy A.; Bratton, Gerald R.; Salinas, Juan A.

doi:10.1016/0892-0362(90)90119-w

Cited by 35 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…An animal study showed no difference in behavior between control rats and rats that were given both Pb and Cd in their diets, but they did report differences in the Pb only and Cd only rats (Nation et al, 1990). Although the Pb and Cd rats were given the same dosage as the single metal rats, the co-treated rats had lower levels of Pb in blood than the Pb-only rats, suggesting that Cd may have decreased the amount of Pb absorbed into the blood stream.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lead, mercury, and cadmium exposure and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children

Kim

Arora

Fernández

et al. 2013

Environmental Research

115

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Background There is limited research examining the relationship between lead (Pb) exposure and medically diagnosed Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children. The role of mercury (Hg) and cadmium (Cd) exposures in ADHD development is even less clear. Objectives To examine the relationship between Pb, Hg, and Cd and ADHD in children living inside and outside a Lead Investigation Area (LIA) of a former lead refinery in Omaha, NE. Methods We carried out a case-control study with 71 currently medically diagnosed ADHD cases and 58 controls from a psychiatric clinic and a pediatric clinic inside and outside of the LIA. The participants were matched on age group (5–8, 9–12 years), sex, race (African American or Caucasians and Others), and location (inside or outside LIA). We measured whole blood Pb, total Hg, and Cd using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Results Inside the LIA, the 27 cases had blood Pb Geometric Mean (GM) 1.89 µg/dL and the 41 controls had 1.51 µg/dL. Outside the LIA, the 44 cases had blood Pb GM 1.02 µg/dL while the 17 controls had 0.97 µg/dL. After adjustment for matching variables and maternal smoking, socioeconomic status, and environmental tobacco exposure, each natural log unit blood Pb had an odds ratio of 2.52 with 95% confidence interval of 1.07–5.92. Stratification by the LIA indicated similar point estimate but wider CIs. No associations were observed for Hg or Cd. Conclusions Postnatal Pb exposure may be associated with higher risk of clinical ADHD, but not the postnatal exposure to Hg or Cd.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lead, mercury, and cadmium exposure and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children

Kim

Arora

Fernández

et al. 2013

Environmental Research

115

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“…In most of the studies reporting on combined exposure to metals, researchers have used the same concentrations of the metal both in individual and combined treatment (Nation et al 1990;Zikic et al 1998). The results obtained from such studies showed either additive effects in the combined exposure group as the concentration of the metals are increased, or antagonistic effects depending on the nature of the metals used, whereas in the present study, the total concentration of metals in the combined-exposure group is the same as that in the individual-metal treatment group.…”

Section: Groupmentioning

confidence: 98%

Effects of combined exposure to lead and cadmium on pituitary membrane of female rats

Pillai

Priya

Gupta

2002

Archives of Toxicology

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The effects of combined exposure to lead and cadmium on pituitary membrane were studied. Adult female rats were treated intraperitoneally with either lead acetate and cadmium acetate alone or in combination at a dose of 0.05 mg/kg daily for 15 days. Both metals accumulated in the pituitary after the exposure. The membrane fluidity was decreased after the heavy-metal treatment. Among the three groups cadmium treatment showed more effect than did other treatments and the combined treatment showed intermediate values. Na(+)K(+)ATPase activity was decreased significantly by cadmium and combined treatments. The Schiff's base and inorganic peroxide levels were increased after the metal exposure. In conclusion, exposure to lead and cadmium caused accumulation of the metals in the pituitary and lowered the membrane fluidity, which may affect membrane function and cause alterations in receptor binding and secretory mechanism(s) of pituitary hormones. The combined treatment with metals produced intermediate results.

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“…Several animal studies have reported effects of cadmium on electrophysiological parameters, markers of neurotransmitter function, and neurobehavioral outcomes (Ali et al 1986; Desi et al 1998; Lehotzky et al 1990; Nagymajtenyi et al 1997; Nation et al 1983, 1984, 1989, 1990). Studies in children have reported associations between higher cadmium levels and mental retardation (Jiang et al 1990; Marlowe et al 1983), decreased verbal IQ (Thatcher et al 1982), lower neuropsychological test performance (Bonithon-Kopp et al 1986; Stellern et al 1983), learning disability (LD) (Capel et al 1981; Ely et al 1981; Pihl and Parkes 1977), poor reading performance (Thatcher et al 1984b), neurophysiological evoked potential differences (Thatcher et al 1984a), and behavioral problems in the presence of concurrently elevated lead levels (Marlowe et al 1985a).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cadmium Exposure and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in U.S. Children

Ciesielski¹,

Weuve

Bellinger

et al. 2012

Environ Health Perspect

218

112

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Background: Low-level environmental cadmium exposure in children may be associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes.Objective: Our aim was to evaluate associations between urinary cadmium concentration and reported learning disability (LD), special education utilization, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in U.S. children using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data.Methods: We analyzed data from a subset of participants in NHANES (1999–2004) who were 6–15 years of age and had spot urine samples analyzed for cadmium. Outcomes were assessed by parent or proxy-respondent report. We fit multivariable-adjusted logistic regression models to estimate associations between urinary cadmium and the outcomes.Results: When we compared children in the highest quartile of urinary cadmium with those in the lowest quartile, odds ratios adjusted for several potential confounders were 3.21 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.43, 7.17] for LD, 3.00 (95% CI: 1.12, 8.01) for special education, and 0.67 (95% CI: 0.28, 1.61) for ADHD. There were no significant interactions with sex, but associations with LD and special education were somewhat stronger in males, and the trend in the ADHD analysis was only evident among those with blood lead levels above the median.Conclusions: These findings suggest that children who have higher urinary cadmium concentrations may have increased risk of both LD and special education. Importantly, we observed these associations at exposure levels that were previously considered to be without adverse effects, and these levels are common among U.S. children.

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Behavioral antagonism between lead and cadmium

Cited by 35 publications

References 13 publications

Lead, mercury, and cadmium exposure and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children

Lead, mercury, and cadmium exposure and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children

Effects of combined exposure to lead and cadmium on pituitary membrane of female rats

Cadmium Exposure and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in U.S. Children

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