“…In a recent study, we have suggested that association between olfactory CS and sucrose US in elementary olfactory learning of salivation in cockroaches takes place in the calyces or the lobes of the mushroom body (Watanabe, et al, 2011). This is in accordance with reports that the mushroom bodies participate in elemental associating olfactory learning in honey bees (Menzel, 2001) and fruit-flies Drosophila (Berry, Krause, & Davis, 2008;Davis, 2005;Heisenberg, 2003;Waddell, 2010), although contribution of the antennal lobe (the primary olfactory center) has also been demonstrated (in honey bees: Giurfa, 2007;Menzel, 2001;in fruit-flies: Thum, Jenett, Ito, Heisenberg, & Tanimoto, 2007;in moths: Daly, et al, 2004). In cockroaches, the mushroom bodies have been shown to receive visual stimuli, as well as olfactory, gustatory and mechanosensory stimuli (Li & Strausfeld, 1997;1999;Mizunami, Okada, Li, & Strausfeld, 1998;Nishikawa, Nishino, Mizunami, & Yokohari, 1998), and thus the mushroom bodies are candidate site for the configural association for context-dependent olfactory conditioning of salivation.…”