Behavioral and Metabolic Risk Factors for Noncommunicable Diseases among Population in the Republic of Srpska (Bosnia and Herzegovina)

Abstract

Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are the major cause of death worldwide, and they are attributable to genetic and physiological determinants, behavioral risk factors and environmental impacts. The aim of this study is to assess behavioral risk factors for metabolic disease using demographic and social–economic aspects of the population characterized by risk factors, and to investigate relations among lifestyle risk factors (alcohol consumption, tobacco use, physical inactivity, intake of vitamins, fruits and vegetables) that are responsible for the majority of NCD deaths in the Republic of Srpska’s (RS’s) population. This is a cross-sectional study based on the analysis of a survey conducted among 2311 adult (≥18 years) persons (54.0% women, and 46.0% men). The statistical analysis was carried out by using Cramer’s V values, clustering, logistic regression (binomial, multinomial and ordinal), a chi-square test and odds ratios. In the case of logistic regression, we provide the prediction accuracy in percentages. A significant statistical correlation between demographic characteristics (gender and age) and risk factors was observed. The highest difference according to gender was observed in alcohol consumption (odds ratio (OR) = 2.705, confidence interval (95% CI) = 2.206–3.317), particularly in frequent consumption (OR = 3.164, 95% CI = 2.664–3.758). The highest prevalence of high blood pressure was registered in the elderly (66.5%); the same holds for hypertension (44.3%). Additionally, physical inactivity was one of the most common risk factors (33.4% physically inactive respondents). A significant presence of risk factors was confirmed among the RS population, with higher involvement of metabolic risk factors among the older population, while the prevalence of behavioral factors was related to younger age groups, particularly in the case of alcohol consumption and smoking. A low level of preventive awareness was observed among the younger population. Therefore, prevention is one of the most important instruments related to decreasing NCD risk factors in the RS population.

Prevalence of Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Among the Adult Population of Bharatpur Metropolitan City, Chitwan, Nepal

“…10 The results from Nepal and Bosnia showed higher use of smoked tobacco product daily than in this study. 7,11 The study showed 13.2% were currently using a smokeless tobacco which contrasts the results of study done in Tamilnadu and Haryana of India, Kathmandu, Nepal and assessment from Bangladesh. [7][8][9]12 According to the finding of this study, exposure to second hand smoking at home and work place is found to be 18.4% and 1% respectively.…”

“…This is higher than the results from Kavre and Kathmandu of Nepal, and different regions of India and lower than that of Vietnam and Bosnia. 4,7,10,11,14 this study, 25.83% of respondents were involved in heavy episodic drinking. This is similar to the finding of Thaha Maknwanpur and opposes to study conducted in Kavre, Kathmadu of Nepal and the India NCD survey.…”

Genetic Polymorphisms of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Associated with Hypertension and Blood Homocysteine Levels

“…The results showed that the prevalence of metabolic risk factors, including age, smoking, alcohol consumption, and work status, was more pronounced in men and was related to high blood pressure, overweight and obesity, cholesterol level, and blood glucose level. 2 In the Thailand National Health Security Office program, the prevalence of hypertension among men was found to be 37.8%, of which 23.9% of cases were uncontrolled. 3 Established mechanisms associated with the development of hypertension include hyperhomocysteinemia (plasma concentration ≥ 15 µmol/L), which is recognized as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases including the onset of hypertension.…”

Cholesterol, Blood Glucose and Hemoglobin Profiles of Urban Adolescents

“…Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the most common causes of long-term illness, disability and premature death worldwide (Majić et al, 2023). PTM is considered a disease that does not involve microbial influence and is only influenced by lifestyle factors (Budreviciute et al, 2020).…”

“…This shows that the majority of NCDs are caused by risk factors. which can be prevented (Majić et al, 2023). Non-communicable diseases target all groups, men, women, children, and people in all groups with the condition that someone may look healthy, but they may suffer from these diseases.…”