Behavioral and hormonal effects of attachment object separation in surrogate‐peer‐reared and mother‐reared infant rhesus monkeys

Meyer, Jerrold S.; Novak, Melinda A.; Bowman, Robert E.; Harlow, Harry F.

doi:10.1002/dev.420080507

Cited by 79 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…This is in agreement with the findings of Meyer et al [1975]. There are several possible explanations for this effect.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…When socially reared monkeys are compared, motherreared infants appear more reactive to stressors than animals reared in a nursery with social partners. For instance, Meyer et al [1975] found that 6-month-old animals reared with surrogates and limited peer access displayed lower cortisol responses to the capture and separation of an infant housed nearby than did monkeys housed as pairs individually with their mothers. In addition, Clarke [1993] reported that 1-to 6-month-old, peer-reared infants demonstrated lower basal ACTH, but not cortisol, levels than infants housed individually with mothers, as well as smaller ACTH and cortisol increments to a stressor.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Rearing condition and plasma cortisol in rhesus monkey infants

Shannon¹,

Champoux²,

Suomi³

1998

Am. J. Primatol.

159

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“…This is in agreement with the findings of Meyer et al [1975]. There are several possible explanations for this effect.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Rearing condition and plasma cortisol in rhesus monkey infants

Shannon¹,

Champoux²,

Suomi³

1998

Am. J. Primatol.

159

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…In humans, individuals who developed psychiatric disorders related to early adversity usually had lived a normal social life before the occurrence of the diseases. The fact that in rodents the effects of MS on the HPA axis can be reversed by later experience (27,28) makes this an important issue. To answer this question, we performed a long-term study to identify whether the effects that MS imposed on rhesus infants can be reversed after living a long and normal social life following the separation.…”

Section: Xiaolimentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal separation produces lasting changes in cortisol and behavior in rhesus monkeys

Feng

Wang

Yang

et al. 2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

142

101

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Maternal separation (MS), which can lead to hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis dysfunction and behavioral abnormalities in rhesus monkeys, is frequently used to model early adversity. Whether this deleterious effect on monkeys is reversible by later experience is unknown. In this study, we assessed the basal hair cortisol in rhesus monkeys after 1.5 and 3 y of normal social life following an early separation. These results showed that peer-reared monkeys had significantly lower basal hair cortisol levels than the mother-reared monkeys at both years examined. The plasma cortisol was assessed in the monkeys after 1.5 y of normal social life, and the results indicated that the peak in the peer-reared cortisol response to acute stressors was substantially delayed. In addition, after 3 y of normal social life, abnormal behavioral patterns were identified in the peer-reared monkeys. They showed decreases in locomotion and initiated sitting together, as well as increases in stereotypical behaviors compared with the mother-reared monkeys. These results demonstrate that the deleterious effects of MS on rhesus monkeys cannot be compensated by a later normal social life, suggesting that the effects of MS are long-lasting and that the maternal-separated rhesus monkeys are a good animal model to study early adversity and to investigate the development of psychiatric disorders induced by exposure to early adversity.

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“…Rhesus and squirrel monkeys exposed to prolonged early-life maternal deprivation exhibit elevated basal levels of cortisol (7-9), enhanced glucocorticoid feedback sensitivity (10), and heightened cortisol reactivity to social stress in some studies (11,12), but lower basal cortisol and reduced cortisol reactivity in others (9,13,14). The effect of maternal deprivation on SNS development in nonhuman primates has been studied infrequently.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Causal effects of the early caregiving environment on development of stress response systems in children

McLaughlin

Sheridan

Tibu³

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

372

330

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Disruptions in stress response system functioning are thought to be a central mechanism by which exposure to adverse early-life environments influences human development. Although early-life adversity results in hyperreactivity of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in rodents, evidence from human studies is inconsistent. We present results from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project examining whether randomized placement into a family caregiving environment alters development of the autonomic nervous system and HPA axis in children exposed to early-life deprivation associated with institutional rearing. Electrocardiogram, impedance cardiograph, and neuroendocrine data were collected during laboratorybased challenge tasks from children (mean age = 12.9 y) raised in deprived institutional settings in Romania randomized to a highquality foster care intervention (n = 48) or to remain in care as usual (n = 43) and a sample of typically developing Romanian children (n = 47). Children who remained in institutional care exhibited significantly blunted SNS and HPA axis responses to psychosocial stress compared with children randomized to foster care, whose stress responses approximated those of typically developing children. Intervention effects were evident for cortisol and parasympathetic nervous system reactivity only among children placed in foster care before age 24 and 18 months, respectively, providing experimental evidence of a sensitive period in humans during which the environment is particularly likely to alter stress response system development. We provide evidence for a causal link between the early caregiving environment and stress response system reactivity in humans with effects that differ markedly from those observed in rodent models.childhood adversity | early-life stress | HPA axis | autonomic nervous system | stress reactivity D isruptions in stress response system functioning are thought to be a central mechanism by which exposure to adverse early-life environments influences human development. This idea is borne out in rodent models, where the effects of early-life adversity on the development of stress response systems have been well characterized. Exposure to early-life adversityinvolving repeated and prolonged separation of a pup from its mother-results in hyperreactivity of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in adolescence and adulthood and elevations in anxiety, fearful behaviors, and hypervigilance (1-4). Stress exposure in mature rodents is associated with immediate, but not lasting, changes in stress response systems (5, 6), suggesting the presence of an early sensitive period when exposure to adverse environments results in long-term changes in physiological stress response system functioning.

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Behavioral and hormonal effects of attachment object separation in surrogate‐peer‐reared and mother‐reared infant rhesus monkeys

Cited by 79 publications

References 12 publications

Rearing condition and plasma cortisol in rhesus monkey infants

Rearing condition and plasma cortisol in rhesus monkey infants

Maternal separation produces lasting changes in cortisol and behavior in rhesus monkeys

Causal effects of the early caregiving environment on development of stress response systems in children

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