Behavioral and functional neuroanatomical correlates of anterograde autobiographical memory in isolated retrograde amnesic patient M.L.

The GABAB receptor agonist, baclofen, contributes to three distinct varieties of amnesia in the human brain – A detailed case report

“…Some authors (e.g. Markowitsch and Staniloiu, 2013;Staniloiu and Markowitsch, 2014) for example raised concerns about the purely organic etiology of the case presented by Levine et al, 2009, a fascinating case, who however, upon on a close look raises the suspicion of a functional amnesia case or at least of a case with a mixed etiology . Furthermore there are several reports of cases with brain damage who showed striking features of dissociative amnesia or functional amnesia (see the review of Staniloiu and Markowitsch, *Detailed Response to Reviewers 2014, in Lancet Psychiatry).In the target case presented in the current manuscript (MS) the somewhat uneven or inconsistent results in autobiographical memory test raise the suspicion of a diagnosis of dissociative or functional or psychogenic amnesia: High scores for the 30's compared to the other epochs.…”

“…The absence of these features, together with the distinctive pattern of CS' amnesia (see 4.5), and the resolution of her amnestic episodes and ALF on withdrawal of baclofen, argue strongly for a pharmacological rather than a psychological explanation for her memory symptoms. Such cases suggest that selective Aba can arise from a range of different pathologies, including i) diffuse pathology (Evans JJ, Breen EK, Antoun N, & Hodges JR, 1996;Evans, Graham, Pratt, & Hodges, 2003), ii) right temporofrontal pathology (Levine B et al, 1998;Levine, Svoboda, Turner, Mandic, & Mackey, 2009), iii) visual cortical pathology (Rubin & Greenberg, 1998), iv) temporal lobe epilepsy (Tramoni et al, 2011;Jansari, Davis, McGibbon, Firminger, & Kapur, 2010;Hornberger et al, 2010;Butler et al, 2007) as well as v) functional or dissociative amnesia (Staniloiu & Markowitsch H, 2014;Markowitsch & Staniloiu, 2013) and the recently described syndrome of 'severely deficient autobiographical amnesia in healthy adults' (Palombo, Alain, Soderlund, Khuu, & Levine, 2015). This wide range of potential causes might be predicted from the existence of a complex network subserving autobiographical memory (Svoboda, McKinnon, & Levine, 2006).…”

Neuroimaging and Dissociative Disorders

“…Affected patients otherwise have largely preserved semantic memories; they can read, write, calculate and know how to behave in social situations. Additionally, they can encode new autobiographic-episodic memories long term, though the acquisition of these new events may be less emotionally-tagged in comparison to normal probands, often lacking that feeling of warmth and first person autonoetic connection Levine, Svoboda, Turner, Mandic, & Mackey, 2009). Although anterograde memory deficits could occasionally accompany retrograde dissociative (psychogenic) amnesia, cases of dissociative (psychogenic) anterograde amnesia with preserved retrograde memory are a much rarer occurrence (for a review see Staniloiu & Markowitsch, 2010).…”

Chiropractic management using a brain-based model of care for a 15-year-old adolescent boy with migraine headaches and behavioral and learning difficulties: a case report

“…It can also be mathematically described as the temporal coherence or statistical dependence of activity between different nerve cells or their circuits. 30 Functional disconnections have been hypothesized in mild cognitive impairment, 31 schizophrenia, 32 Parkinson disease, 33 multiple sclerosis, 34 neglect, 35 autism, 36 Alzheimer disease, 37 behavioral changes, 38 alexia, 39 and more. The common trait between these conditions is the altered function of the nervous system that creates a functional loss of capacity in a patient's health or behavior.…”