Behavioral and cardiac responses to mild stress in young and aged rats: Effects of amphetamine and vasopressin

Buwalda, Bauke; Koolhaas, Jaap M.; Bohus, B.

doi:10.1016/0031-9384(92)90133-m

Cited by 27 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…In rat studies, adult animals were used (Sgoifo et al 1994(Sgoifo et al , 1997), but we used prepubertal pigs. It has been shown in rats (Nyakas et al 1990(Nyakas et al , 1992Buwalda et al 1991Buwalda et al , 1992 and humans (Korkushko et al 1991;Jensen-Urstad et al 1997) that the parasympathetic reactivity decreases with age. Thus, in the pigs used in the present experiment, there could have been a high parasympathetic antagonism because the pigs were very young.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Effects of social stress on heart rate and heart rate variability in growing pigs

Jong¹,

Sgoifo²,

Lambooij³

et al. 2000

Can. J. Anim. Sci.

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. 2000. Effects of social stress on heart rate and heart rate variability in growing pigs. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 80: 273-280. The effects of social stress on heart rate, heart rate variability and the occurrence of cardiac arrhythmias were studied in 12 growing pigs. Social stress was induced during a good competition test with a pen mate, and subsequently during a resident-intruder test with an unacquainted pig in which the experimental pig was the intruder. The outcome of a test was determined using observations of agonistic behaviour. Five pigs won the food competition test. All pigs were defeated in the resident-intruder test with an unacquainted pig. For all pigs, heart rate was significantly higher and thus the R-R interval significantly lower during the food competition test and resident-intruder test than during baseline recordings. However, pigs that were first defeated in the food competition test had a higher heart rate during the first 7 min of the resident-intruder test than winners of the food competition test. Parameters of heart rate variabiality did not significantly change during the food competition test and the resident-intruder test relative to baseline recordings. Thus, the parasympathetic and the sympathetic nervous system remained in balance during the social stress situations. This may explain why the occurrence of cardiac arrhythmias did not increase during the food competition test and the resident-intruder test relative to baseline. We showed that social status, based on agonistic encounters during the food competition test, may influence the heart rate responses of pigs during the resident-intruder test. When heart rate is used as an index of stress, results indicate that subordinate pigs may experience more stress during an agonistic encounter with an unacquainted pig than dominant pigs.Key words: Behaviour, heart rate, social stress, telemetry, pigs de Jong, I. C., Sgoifo, A., Lambooij, E., Korte, S. M., Blokhuis, H. J. et Koolhaas, J. M. 2000. Effets de stress sociaux sur le rythme cardiaque et sur sa variabilité chez des porcs en croissance. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 80: 273-280. Nous avons étudié sur 12 porcs en croissance les effets de stress sociaux sur le rythme cardiaque et sa variabilité ainsi que sur la fréquence des cas d'arythmie cardiaque. Le stress social en question était provoqué durant un test de concurrence pour la nourriture avec un compagnon de case habituel et ensuite durant un test de confrontation entre compagnons de case et un porc étranger, test dans lequel l'animal expérimental était l'intrus. L'issue du test était déterminée d'après observation des comportements agonistes. Cinq porcs emportaient la lutte dans le test de concurrence pour la nourriture et tous les porcs logés en groupe étaient battus dans le test de confrontation avec le porc étranger. Chez tous les porcs, le rythme cardiaque était significativement plus élevé et par conséquent, l'intervalle RR était significativement plus court dans les deux tests de concurrence et de confrontation que durant les enr...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Effects of social stress on heart rate and heart rate variability in growing pigs

Jong¹,

Sgoifo²,

Lambooij³

et al. 2000

Can. J. Anim. Sci.

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“…Interestingly, it has been suggested that increased levels of corticosterone operating via hippocampal mineralorticoid receptors (MRs) induces fear-induced freezing behavior in rats [48]. There is mounting evidence that individuals that preferentially show the freeze-hide response are characterized by high parasympathetic reactivity [46,49]; this is particularly apparent at times of high attention during the orienting reflex that often precedes the freezing response [50]. Such individual differences in physiological traits have also been observed in fish, chickens, pigs and humans [28][29][30][31][32][51][52][53].…”

Section: Neuroendocrine Differences Between Hawks and Dovesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Darwinian concept of stress: benefits of allostasis and costs of allostatic load and the trade-offs in health and disease

Korte

Koolhaas

Wingfield

et al. 2005

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

944

726

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Why do we get the stress-related diseases we do? Why do some people have flare ups of autoimmune disease, whereas others suffer from melancholic depression during a stressful period in their life? In the present review possible explanations will be given by using different levels of analysis. First, we explain in evolutionary terms why different organisms adopt different behavioral strategies to cope with stress. It has become clear that natural selection maintains a balance of different traits preserving genes for high aggression (Hawks) and low aggression (Doves) within a population. The existence of these personality types (Hawks-Doves) is widespread in the animal kingdom, not only between males and females but also within the same gender across species. Second, proximate (causal) explanations are given for the different stress responses and how they work. Hawks and Doves differ in underlying physiology and these differences are associated with their respective behavioral strategies; for example, bold Hawks preferentially adopt the fight-flight response when establishing a new territory or defending an existing territory, while cautious Doves show the freeze-hide response to adapt to threats in their environment. Thus, adaptive processes that actively maintain stability through change (allostasis) depend on the personality type and the associated stress responses. Third, we describe how the expression of the various stress responses can result in specific benefits to the organism. Fourth, we discuss how the benefits of allostasis and the costs of adaptation (allostatic load) lead to different trade-offs in health and disease, thereby reinforcing a Darwinian concept of stress. Collectively, this provides some explanation of why individuals may differ in their vulnerability to different stress-related diseases and how this relates to the range of personality types, especially aggressive Hawks and non-aggressive Doves in a population. A conceptual framework is presented showing that Hawks, due to inefficient management of mediators of allostasis, are more likely to be violent, to develop impulse control disorders, hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, sudden death, atypical depression, chronic fatigue states and inflammation. In contrast, Doves, due to the greater release of mediators of allostasis (surplus), are more susceptible to anxiety disorders, metabolic syndromes, melancholic depression, psychotic states and infection.

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“…It may also represent an increase in heat production to compensate for heat loss during the first moments of the stress response due to short-term peripheral vasodilation. These results provide evidence that the change in heart rate during exposure to a stressor reported by previous studies is associated with changes in body movement, rather than stress per se (and this inference includes observations of reduced heart rate during freezing behaviour in juvenile animals; Buwalda et al 1992;Jacobsen 1979). They therefore contradict the widely held belief that a fundamental cardio-respiratory response to a psychological stressor is principally an increase in heart rate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

“…fear of receiving a shock) in humans and other animals. Changes in heart rate occur almost immediately, are relatively easy to record, and typically represent a more sensitive response than outward signs of a stressed state such as changes in behaviour (Nimon et al 1995;von Borell et al 2007), epitomised by the preparation for 'fight or flight' where heart rate increases (Cannon 1929) or, by contrast in 'freezing' where bradycardia has been measured in juveniles (Buwalda et al 1992;Jacobsen 1979). Thus, the measurement of heart rate has been applied to a wide range of animals to evaluate stressed state, including various farmed animal breeds (von Borell et al 2007), wandering albatrosses Diomedea exulans (Weimerskirch et al 2002), giant petrels Macronectes halli (de Villiers et al 2006), koalas Phascolarctos cinereus (Ropert-Coudert et al 2009) and several penguin species: Adelie Pygoscelis adeliae, (Culik et al 1991), gentoo Pygoscelis papua, (Nimon et al 1995) and king Aptenodytes patagonicus (Viblanc et al 2012).…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Reassessment of the cardio-respiratory stress response, using the king penguin as a model

Willener

Halsey²,

Strike

et al. 2014

Stress

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Research in to short-term cardio-respiratory changes in animals in reaction to a psychological stressor typically describes increases in rate of oxygen consumption (V̇(O2)) and heart rate. Consequently, the broad consensus is that they represent a fundamental stressor response generalizable across adult species. However, movement levels can also change in the presence of a stressor, yet studies have not accounted for this possible confound on heart rate. Thus the direct effects of psychological stressors on the cardio-respiratory system are not resolved. We used an innovative experimental design employing accelerometers attached to king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) to measure and thus account for movement levels in a sedentary yet free-to-move animal model during a repeated measures stress experiment. As with previous studies on other species, incubating king penguins (N = 6) exhibited significant increases in both V̇(O2) and heart rate when exposed to the stressor. However, movement levels, while still low, also increased in response to the stressor. Once this was accounted for by comparing periods of time during the control and stress conditions when movement levels were similar as recorded by the accelerometers, only V̇(O2) significantly increased; there was no change in heart rate. These findings offer evidence that changing movement levels have an important effect on the measured stress response and that the cardio-respiratory response per se to a psychological stressor (i.e. the response as a result of physiological changes directly attributable to the stressor) is an increase in V̇(O2) without an increase in heart rate.

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Behavioral and cardiac responses to mild stress in young and aged rats: Effects of amphetamine and vasopressin

Cited by 27 publications

References 21 publications

Effects of social stress on heart rate and heart rate variability in growing pigs

Effects of social stress on heart rate and heart rate variability in growing pigs

The Darwinian concept of stress: benefits of allostasis and costs of allostatic load and the trade-offs in health and disease

Reassessment of the cardio-respiratory stress response, using the king penguin as a model

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