Behavioral Addiction among Children and Adolescents – A Review of Qualitative Studies

Abstract

Background: With increasing accessibility to the virtual world, behavioral addiction is an emerging global concern among children and adolescents. Understanding attitudes and perceptions regarding behavioral addictions is critical to formulate appropriately tailored and meaningful interventions. This review aims to widen the scope of understanding behavioral addictions, by synthesizing findings from qualitative studies on perspectives, experiences, and key processes across the spectrum of behavioral addictions among children and adolescents. Methods: We conducted systematic search in PubMed and Google Scholar using keywords pertinent to qualitative research in behavioral addictions, adhering to enhancing transparency in reporting the synthesis of qualitative research guidelines. Eighteen studies were included after thorough screening of studies. We followed the analytical approach described by Petticrew and Roberts for thematic comparative synthesis. Results: There were five principal themes that articulate the experiential realities of children and adolescents in the context of behavioral addictions. They are (1) high-risk environment as a vulnerability: etiopathogenetic model for gambling, (2) attitudes toward behavioral addiction across the spectrum, (3) awareness, (4) perceived impact, and (5) perspectives and attitudes toward other's engagement in addictive behaviors. Conclusion: The findings have implications for public health policies such as promoting a supportive macrosystem while curtailing accessibility to activities and platforms of high addictive potentials. Future research in this area should include multiple stakeholder perspectives, perspectives of younger children and early adolescents, integration with quantitative findings, and studying the impact of particularly high-risk situations, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, to inform recommendations and policies, for comprehensive, multilevel, and multisystemic interventions.

New Addictions in Late Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: How Attachment Style May Predict Problematic Use of Social Networks and Binge-Watching

“…Keeping in mind these aspects, the main aim of this study was to clarify the relationship between some dimensions that characterized adult attachment style and the onset of behaviors that may be included in an adaptive–maladaptive continuum affecting the quality of life and well-being. Particularly, this relationship was detected in a sample including late adolescents and emerging adults due to their reported high involvement in at-risk behaviors as well as in the onset of BA [ 6 , 41 ]. We decided to focus on two behaviors that have been indicated as possible “new addictions” characterized by different degrees of social interaction and included in a range from leisure activity—defining a positive psychological and social frame—to problematic expression—with similarities with addiction.…”

“…The first result found in this study confirms a certain grade of complexity of the BA. Previously, Manohar et al [ 41 ], in an interesting synthesis of qualitative studies on BA, reported that there are multiple dimensions to consider when referring to problematic behaviors, especially in adolescence (age range: 10–20) when the onset is more likely. The authors highlighted the importance of referring to a “spectrum of BA”, defined as a continuum of severity (adaptive–maladaptive), and the impact on the quality of life of the behaviors that may evolve in addiction.…”