Behavior Profiles at 2 Years for Children Born Extremely Preterm with Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

Long-term respiratory and developmental outcomes in children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia and history of tracheostomy

“…In this cohort, tBPD patients had lower scores for cognitive, gross motor, and fine motor development at 12-23.99 months CGA, and lower cognitive scores at 2–3 years CGA. This is in concordance with earlier studies, which have shown more neurodevelopmental impairment in those with more severe BPD [ 12 , 37 ]. Interestingly, Cammack et al examined Bayley cognitive and language scores at 2–3 years of age among a cohort of 56 severe BPD patients with and without tracheostomy, finding no significant difference between the two, though they noted that both groups had profound impairment in all scales of development [ 13 ].…”

“…It is recommended that tracheostomy be placed by term to limit the physical risks associated with repeated intubations as well as decrease the risk of NDI [3]. Although a number studies have examined childhood pulmonary function [8][9][10][11] and neurodevelopmental [12,13] outcomes in BPD, few have directly compared BPD patients with history of tracheostomy (tBPD) to severe BPD patients who do not receive tracheostomy (sBPD) [3,14].…”

Effect of systemic hydrocortisone in ventilated preterm infants on parent-reported behavioural outcomes at 2 years’ corrected age: follow-up of a randomised clinical trial

“…In our study, we included infants with the highest risk for BPD who are therefore at a higher risk for adverse neurocognitive outcomes later in life 25. Compared with an observational cohort study investigating behavioural problems in extremely preterm infants with BPD, we found similar elevated scores for mean total, internalising and externalising problem scales in both allocation groups 3. Furthermore, almost 30% of the infants had behavioural disturbances already above the cut-off of 55, which has been shown indicative for serious disturbing behaviour problems that may increase later in life and thereby in need of intervention 26.…”

“…It is associated with long-term pulmonary sequelae lasting into adulthood and an increased risk of adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes 2. In particular, infants with the most severe form of BPD are at high risk for cerebral palsy, developmental delays, poor school performance, behavioural problems and low IQ in adolescence 3–5. Systemic postnatal corticosteroids have been extensively investigated for the prevention and treatment of BPD 6.…”

Delivery room resuscitation and short-term outcomes of extremely preterm and extremely low birth weight infants: a multicenter survey in North China

“…[17,22,23,25,29] This discrepancy may be because partial preterm infants were discharged against medical advice. BPD not only pre-disposes preterm infants to respiratory diseases, but also results in adverse effects on long-term cardiovascular health, [14] neurodevelopment, [28,30] mortality, and disability, [15] as well as other comorbidities due to the chronic hypoxia resultant from BPD and prematurity. Therefore, optimizing management strategies for infants susceptible to BPD and decreasing the overall incidence of BPD will be crucial in improving short and long-term prognoses.…”