Behavior of Rats with High and Low Levels of Freezing in Defensive Situations and on Selection of Food Reinforcement

Павлова, И. В.; Рысакова, М. П.; Зайченко, М. И.; Broshevitskaya, N. D.

doi:10.1007/s11055-019-00878-x

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Recognition of danger induced by an electrical shock, and displaying anxious freezing behaviour, may be an appropriate response for the EtOH-exposed +/+ progeny. This freezing behaviour has been previously observed in fear conditioning assessments [ 69 , 70 ], and is a typical rodent response to predators like cats.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 57%

Novel mechanisms in alcohol neurodevelopmental disorders via BRCA1 depletion and BRCA1-dependent NADPH oxidase regulation

Drake

Wells

2021

Redox Biology

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The breast cancer 1 protein ( BRCA1 ) facilitates DNA repair, preventing embryolethality and protecting the fetus from reactive oxygen species ( ROS )-induced developmental disorders mediated by oxidatively damaged DNA. Alcohol (ethanol, EtOH ) exposure during pregnancy causes fetal alcohol spectrum disorders ( FASD ), characterized by aberrant behaviour and enhanced ROS formation and proteasomal protein degradation. Herein, ROS-producing NADPH oxidase ( NOX ) activity was higher in Brca1 +/− vs. +/+ fetal and adult brains, and further enhanced by a single EtOH exposure. EtOH also enhanced catalase and proteasomal activities, while conversely reducing BRCA1 protein levels without affecting Brca1 gene expression. EtOH-initiated adaptive postnatal freezing behaviour was lost in Brca1 +/− progeny. Pretreatment with the free radical spin trap and ROS inhibitor phenylbutylnitrone blocked all EtOH effects, suggesting ROS-dependent mechanisms. This is the first in vivo evidence of NOX regulation by BRCA1, and of EtOH-induced, ROS-mediated depletion of BRCA1, revealing novel mechanisms of BRCA1 protection in FASD.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 57%

Novel mechanisms in alcohol neurodevelopmental disorders via BRCA1 depletion and BRCA1-dependent NADPH oxidase regulation

Drake

Wells

2021

Redox Biology

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“…Another example of how freezing may influence value-based decisions is that threat-anticipatory freezing can influence instrumental actions. Animal models have shown that threat-induced freezing can hamper active avoidance strategies ( Martinez et al, 2013 ; Moscarello and LeDoux, 2013 ; Pavlova et al, 2020 ). Indeed, the transition from an automatic defense freezing reaction to successful instrumental avoidance requires a switch to action ( Lázaro-Muñoz et al, 2010 ; Moscarello and LeDoux, 2013 ).…”

Section: Threat-anticipatory Freezing Is Associated With Information mentioning

confidence: 99%

Approach-Avoidance Decisions Under Threat: The Role of Autonomic Psychophysiological States

et al. 2021

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Acutely challenging or threatening situations frequently require approach-avoidance decisions. Acute threat triggers fast autonomic changes that prepare the body to freeze, fight or flee. However, such autonomic changes may also influence subsequent instrumental approach-avoidance decisions. Since defensive bodily states are often not considered in value-based decision-making models, it remains unclear how they influence the decision-making process. Here, we aim to bridge this gap by discussing the existing literature on the potential role of threat-induced bodily states on decision making and provide a new neurocomputational framework explaining how these effects can facilitate or bias approach-avoid decisions under threat. Theoretical accounts have stated that threat-induced parasympathetic activity is involved in information gathering and decision making. Parasympathetic dominance over sympathetic activity is particularly seen during threat-anticipatory freezing, an evolutionarily conserved response to threat demonstrated across species and characterized by immobility and bradycardia. Although this state of freezing has been linked to altered information processing and action preparation, a full theoretical treatment of the interactions with value-based decision making has not yet been achieved. Our neural framework, which we term the Threat State/Value Integration (TSI) Model, will illustrate how threat-induced bodily states may impact valuation of competing incentives at three stages of the decision-making process, namely at threat evaluation, integration of rewards and threats, and action initiation. Additionally, because altered parasympathetic activity and decision biases have been shown in anxious populations, we will end with discussing how biases in this system can lead to characteristic patterns of avoidance seen in anxiety-related disorders, motivating future pre-clinical and clinical research.

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“…Making a distinction between passive and active approach–avoidance decisions is especially relevant in light of profound individual differences in passive versus active avoidance strategies across different types of anxiety disorders 39 , for which an explanatory human model is largely lacking. Animal models have shown that freezing-induced action inhibition can hamper the opportunity for active avoidance 15 , 40 – 42 . However, more recent work in humans 18 , 27 , 43 has shown that freezing is associated with action preparation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defensive freezing and its relation to approach–avoidance decision-making under threat

Klaassen

Held

Figner

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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Successful responding to acutely threatening situations requires adequate approach–avoidance decisions. However, it is unclear how threat-induced states—like freezing-related bradycardia—impact the weighing of the potential outcomes of such value-based decisions. Insight into the underlying computations is essential, not only to improve our models of decision-making but also to improve interventions for maladaptive decisions, for instance in anxiety patients and first-responders who frequently have to make decisions under acute threat. Forty-two participants made passive and active approach–avoidance decisions under threat-of-shock when confronted with mixed outcome-prospects (i.e., varying money and shock amounts). Choice behavior was best predicted by a model including individual action-tendencies and bradycardia, beyond the subjective value of the outcome. Moreover, threat-related bradycardia (high-vs-low threat) interacted with subjective value, depending on the action-context (passive-vs-active). Specifically, in action-contexts incongruent with participants’ intrinsic action-tendencies, stronger bradycardia related to diminished effects of subjective value on choice across participants. These findings illustrate the relevance of testing approach–avoidance decisions in relatively ecologically valid conditions of acute and primarily reinforced threat. These mechanistic insights into approach–avoidance conflict-resolution may inspire biofeedback-related techniques to optimize decision-making under threat. Critically, the findings demonstrate the relevance of incorporating internal psychophysiological states and external action-contexts into models of approach–avoidance decision-making.

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Behavior of Rats with High and Low Levels of Freezing in Defensive Situations and on Selection of Food Reinforcement

Cited by 6 publications

References 1 publication

Novel mechanisms in alcohol neurodevelopmental disorders via BRCA1 depletion and BRCA1-dependent NADPH oxidase regulation

Novel mechanisms in alcohol neurodevelopmental disorders via BRCA1 depletion and BRCA1-dependent NADPH oxidase regulation

Approach-Avoidance Decisions Under Threat: The Role of Autonomic Psychophysiological States

Defensive freezing and its relation to approach–avoidance decision-making under threat

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