Behavior of “Pure Gum” Rubber Vulcanizates in Tension

Martin, Gordon M.; Roth, Frank; Stiehler, Robert D.

doi:10.5254/1.3542733

Cited by 16 publications

(33 citation statements)

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“…Gent [18] has reported observations indicating that A is slightly smaller at 60°C than at 23 0C. The same behavior can be noted in res ults for GR-I (Butyl rubber) given b y Martin, Roth , and Stiehler [3].…”

Section: Comparison With Previous Investigationssupporting

confidence: 61%

“…In many instances the time of observation of the creep in rubber has been so short that the only region I noted has been the "primary creep" region, in which the fractional creep is proportional to the logarithm of the time [9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. In other work [3,16,17] work involved time· te mperature equivale nce of co urse, unlike the present constant temperature studi es, which involved no observations at tim es of less than 1 min.…”

Section: Comparison With Previous Investigationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The work of others [24,26] has shown that the change of B with temperature corresponds to an activation energy of 20-30 kcal/mol (85-125 kl/mol). The value of A probably decreases slightly with increase of temperature [3,18].…”

Section: E/e =Alogt+b (T-1)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Long-time creep in a pure-gum rubber vulcanizate: influence of humidity and atmospheric oxygen

Wood¹,

Bullman²,

Roth³

1974

J. RES. NATL. BUR. STAN. SECT. A.

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Lo ng-tim e c ree p of na tura l rubbe r c ure d with a s u lfur-a cc el e rator rec ipe co ntaining no fill e r ca n be co nv e ni e ntl y rep rese nt ed by a plot of (E-EI )/E I = flE /EI with a double-abscissa sca le show in g log 1 and I. E is th e e lo ngati o n at any tim e I, aft e r app li ca tio n of th e load , and EI its value a t unit tim e.Expe rim e ntal data co nform to the equationexce pt fo r a mo re rap id ri se precedin g rupture. Th e co nst a nts A a nd B ca n be e valuat e d from o n ly three obse rvati o ns -a t th e lo nges t t ime (abo ut 70 da ys), at o ne minute, a nd at a n inte rme di ate tim e . t:..E/EI is ap proximat e ly lin ea r with log 1 whe n 1 is less th a n O.I (A/ B) a nd a pprox ima te ly lin e ar with 1 wh e n 1 is gr ea te r than 4. 343(A/B). Th e obse rved modu lus wa s abo ut 1.4 MPa a nd A was about 2.4 perce nt /(u nit log t) wh e n th e a tm osphe re was a vac uum , dry N" or dry air. Th e modulu s was lo we re d ve r y s li ght ly a nd A beca me about 4 pe rce nt./( unit log t ) whe n th e a ir was saturat e d with water. B was raised from a bo ut 2 X 10 -5 pe rce nt / min to a bo ut 20 X 10 -5 pe rce nt/ min whe n th e va c uum or dry N, was re placed by dry a ir a nd to a bo ut 50 X 10 -5 pe rce nt/ min wh e n th e air was saturate d with mois ture. A is co ns ide red to be re lat ed to ph ys ica l relax a tio n, whi le B co rres pond s to a che mi ca l reacti o n, probably ox idativ e d egradatio n.Key word s : Co mplian ce of rubbe r ; c ree p , long-time, in rubb e r; humidit y, e frec t of, o n c ree p of rubber; modu lus of rubb e r, effec t uf humidit y; uxyge n, inAu e nce of, o n c ree p of rubb e r ; rubbe r, nat ura l, c ree p; tim e, e ffect of, o n co mplia nce of rubbe r.

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Section: Comparison With Previous Investigationssupporting

confidence: 61%

Section: Comparison With Previous Investigationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Long-time creep in a pure-gum rubber vulcanizate: influence of humidity and atmospheric oxygen

Wood¹,

Bullman²,

Roth³

1974

J. RES. NATL. BUR. STAN. SECT. A.

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“…Some [39][40][41][42] are in many respects similar to the constraint models. Others have a more phenomenological basis 1,31,[43][44][45][46] and thus lack the intuitive clarity of the constraint theories. Our focus on the constraint theories reflects their widespread usage.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elasticity of Natural Rubber Networks

Mott

Roland

1996

Macromolecules

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Stress, strain, and optical birefringence were measured for cross-linked natural rubber in compression and tension over a range of strains. The experimental data were compared to the constrainedjunction theory (Flory, P. J.; Erman, B. Macromolecules 1982, 15, 800) and to the constrained-chain theory (Kloczkowski, A.; Mark, J. E.; Erman, B. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 5089). These elasticity theories were found to fit both the stress and birefringence data quite well in tension. However, discrepancies arise when both compression and tension data are analyzed together. The differences between the models were minor, compared to their deviation from experiment.

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“…40 The advantage of this approach is that the fitting parameters have molecular significance. There are other constitutive equations for rubber elasticity, [41][42][43][44] including the phenomenological chain models, [45][46][47][48][49] but these lack the physical insight provided by the constraint models.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical and Optical Behavior of Double Network Rubbers

Mott

Roland

2000

Macromolecules

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Stress, strain, and optical birefringence were measured for a series of peroxide-cured natural rubbers, having both isotropic and double network structures. The residual stretch (permanent set) for the latter ranged from 2.0 to 4.5, with elastic moduli that were an increasing function of this residual strain, as found in previous works. A small birefringence, ca. 10 -5 , was observed for the unstressed double networks, and its magnitude increased with increasing residual strain. The sign of this birefringence corresponded to extension of the (undeformed) double networks. Under stress, the birefringence followed the stress optical law. The double network properties were interpreted using the constrained-chain model of rubber elasticity, with the assumption of independent, additive contributions from the two component networks. The calculated results differed from the experimental findings, in particular underestimating the residual strain. This failure is a consequence of the overprediction of the stresses during compression, a limitation common to molecular theories of rubber elasticity. The modeling of the double networks does account qualitatively for the sign of their unstressed birefringence, which is due to the stressoptical coefficient being larger in tension than in compression. This particular deviation from the stressoptical law is known from both theory and experiment.

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Behavior of “Pure Gum” Rubber Vulcanizates in Tension

Cited by 16 publications

References 0 publications

Long-time creep in a pure-gum rubber vulcanizate: influence of humidity and atmospheric oxygen

Long-time creep in a pure-gum rubber vulcanizate: influence of humidity and atmospheric oxygen

Elasticity of Natural Rubber Networks

Mechanical and Optical Behavior of Double Network Rubbers

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