Behavior of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide/polyethyleneimine reinforced with coal fly ash for preformed particle hydrogels

Abstract

High water production and low oil recovery are attributable to reservoir heterogeneity, making extraction economically inefficient. To improve oil production, it is important to solve permeability issues, to allow a more uniform and efficient sweep. In recent years, several studies of preformed particle gel (PPG) have been performed reduce reservoir heterogeneity and enhance oil recovery. In this work, the effect of coal fly ash (CFA) on hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (PHPA) crosslinked with polyethyleneimine PPG were evaluated regarding thermal, rheological, and structural properties. The rheological results showed an increase in elastic behavior with the presence of CFA. Thermal analysis revealed degradation resistance of 271% with only 1.0% CFA. The swelling test proved that the presence of CFA supports the absorption of a brine solution. The results suggest a significant increase in properties assessed with small CFA contents due to a strong interaction between CFA and three‐dimensional polymer networks.

Viscoelastic behavior of hydrogel‐based xanthan gum/aluminum lactate with potential applicability for conformance control

“…This is an intrinsic characteristic of biopolymers whose polymer chains have high mechanical strength when subjected to high frequencies, 7 which is not observed in synthetic polymers 32,33 . At lower frequencies, rupture of the material's microstructure (rupture of the intermolecular forces between the chains) can be observed, and thus a decline in the elastic modulus and increase of the viscous modulus.…”

Evaluation of the influence of adding clay in polymeric hydrogels based on partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide and aluminum citrate

“…The gelling solutions are placed in sealed bottles so that the total volume of the system is equal to half the volume of the bottle. The gel consistency is determined by inverting the bottles and observing the characteristics of the system under the effect of gravity, ranked by an alphabetic code from A to J, where: (A) means no detectable gel formed; (B) denotes highly flowing gel; (C) means flowing gel; (D) is moderately flowing gel; (E) denotes barely flowing gel; (F) pertains to highly deformable nonflowing gel; (G) mean moderately deformable nonflowing gel; (H) denotes slightly deformable nonflowing gel; (I) means rigid gel; and (J) denotes highly rigid gel 31,36 …”

“…Among the reinforcing fillers used to formulate these hydrogels are substances with a structure based on metallic oxides or modified bentonite clay. Studies have shown that the respective properties are closely related to improving the performance of hydrogels 15,27–33 …”

“…Studies have shown that the respective properties are closely related to improving the performance of hydrogels. 15,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33] In the literature, some authors have used natural clays to prepare stable hydrogels for application in EOR.…”

Effective utilization of Coal Fly Ash (CFA): perspectives and opportunities in various industrial sectors and hydrocarbon extraction processes

“…Currently, research is being conducted on the creation of gels using preformed particles (PPG) that can eliminate reservoir heterogeneity and increase oil recovery. In a study conducted by K. Pereira et al [34], the influence of coal fly ash (CFA) on hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (PHPA), cross-linked using polyethylenimine (PPG), was investigated to analyze changes in their thermal, rheological, and structural properties.…”