Behavior of homogeneous and immobilized zinc-based catalysts in cycloaddition of CO2 to propylene oxide

Ramin, Michael; Grunwaldt, Jan‐Dierk; Baiker, Alfons

doi:10.1016/j.jcat.2005.06.020

Cited by 63 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 30 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The activities of ILs could be greatly improved by adding metal salts or complexes for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates. Furthermore, synergistic effects on promoting the cycloaddition reactions of epoxides have been reported [31,[34][35][36][37][38][39][40][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52].…”

Section: Metal-based Ionic Liquidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Ionic Liquids: The Synergistic Catalytic Effect in the Synthesis of Cyclic Carbonates

Cheng

Wang

et al. 2013

Catalysts

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This review presents the synergistic effect in the catalytic system of ionic liquids (ILs) for the synthesis of cyclic carbonate from carbon dioxide and epoxide. The emphasis of this review is on three aspects: the catalytic system of metal-based ionic liquids, the catalytic system of hydrogen bond-promoted ionic liquids and supported ionic liquids. Metal and ionic liquids show a synergistic effect on the cycloaddition reactions of epoxides. The cations and anions of ionic liquids show a synergistic effect on the cycloaddition reactions. The functional groups in cations or supports combined with the anions have a synergistic effect on the cycloaddition reactions. Synergistic catalytic effects of ILs play an important role of promoting the cycloaddition reactions of epoxides. The design of catalytic system of ionic liquids will be possible if the synergistic effect on a molecular level is understood.

show abstract

Section: Metal-based Ionic Liquidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Zn (II) halide complexes have been known to be active catalysts for cycloaddition reaction for a long time [42][43][44][45]. Kim reported a simple catalytic system consisting of ZnBr 2 and imidazolium-based ILs [48].…”

Section: Metal-based Ionic Liquidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ionic Liquids: The Synergistic Catalytic Effect in the Synthesis of Cyclic Carbonates

Cheng

Wang

et al. 2013

Catalysts

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…It is plausible that side reaction, i.e. PC polymerization, 33 can be dramatically inhibited due to the very short residence time. The TOF value is increased sharply from 3250 to 5796 h −1 with the increasing of temperature, whereas it is only about 60 h −1 in the conventional stirred reactor.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly efficient synthesis of cyclic carbonate with CO₂catalyzed by ionic liquid in a microreactor

et al. 2013

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The development of highly efficient processes for the cycloaddition of CO 2 with epoxides to produce five-membered cyclic carbonates is a very attractive topic. In this work, the cycloaddition of propylene oxide (PO) and CO 2 to give propylene carbonate (PC) is studied in a microreactor using a HETBAB ionic liquid catalyst. The microreactor performance is evaluated by studying the effects of different operating conditions, including reaction temperature, operating pressure, residence time, molar ratio of CO 2 /PO, and the catalyst concentration in PO. The process characteristics of the reaction concerning the gas-liquid mass transfer and the intrinsic kinetics perspectives are discussed. The results show that the residence time can be dramatically reduced from several hours in a conventional stirred reactor to about 10 s in a microreactor. The yield of PC at 3.5 MPa can reach 99.8% at a residence time of 14 s. The turnover frequency (TOF) value varies in the range of 3000 to 14 000 h −1 compared to 60 h −1 in the conventional stirred reactor. The space time yield (STY) or the overall reaction rate ranges from 650 to 4500 g prod. (g cat. h) −1 , which is much larger than the value [ca. 19 g prod. (g cat. h) −1 ] for the conventional stirred reactor. To some extent, the present study has also demonstrated the concept of 'Novel Process Windows'.

show abstract

“…In situ characterization has revealed the mechanism and details of this phenomenon, which has provided an essence of catalysis in a wide range of catalytic systems. species were believed to be supported as an ensemble structure chemically attached on the £-Al 2 O 3 surface (V) as illustrated in Figure 8a because the attachment proceeded via [Co 4 (CO) 12 ]. There was no direct CoCo bonding on the supported Co 2+ -ensemble catalyst (V) but two Co atoms in a Co ensemble cooperated during the catalytic NO reduction mentioned later.…”

Section: £-Al 2 O 3 -Supported Comentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface-Mediated Design and Catalytic Properties of Active Metal Complexes for Advanced Catalysis Creation

Tada¹

2010

Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Molecular-scale design of catalytically active structures at oxide surfaces is highlighted, focusing on our recent challenges for selective heterogeneous catalysis. We found novel structural transformations of supported metal complexes on oxide surfaces and achieved unique selective catalysis for various chemical syntheses. In this account, the advanced design of supported metal-complex catalysts on oxide surfaces and the in situ characterization of their structural kinetics, which means kinetics of structural changes of catalysts themselves, under catalyst-working conditions are reviewed. Surface-Mediated Design of Catalytically ActiveStructures for Selective Catalysis 1.1 Introduction: Metal-Complex Attaching on Oxide Surfaces. Heterogeneous solid catalysts have been widely utilized for the industrial production of many synthetic chemicals. The advantages of heterogeneous catalysts are not only the separation of catalysts and products from reaction media but also their high durability and catalytic activities resulting from the unique structures of catalytically active sites at solid surfaces. Relationships among the metal structures, organized environment, and the catalytic properties of surface species tell us the nature of catalysis and new strategy for rational design of heterogeneous catalysts.Metal-complex attachment to oxide surfaces is a practical way to produce molecularly regulated structures of active metal species on oxide surfaces, and subsequent structural transformation in a controllable manner often provides unique regulated metal structures active for selective catalytic reactions. 116 There are several types of metal-complex attachment techniques: coordination of metal-complex precursors to immobilized ligands on organic polymers, 1721 coordination of metal-complex precursors to functional ligands bound to oxide surfaces, 2,4,2225 intercalation into clay materials, 26 ion exchange into porous materials such as zeolite and mesoporous silica, 27 and direct attachment of metal-complex precursor onto oxide surfaces. 3,6,11,28,29 The interfacial attachment between a metal complex and an oxide surface can produce unique metal coordination different from the original metal-complex precursor. For example, SiOH is reacted with a M(CH 3 ) complex and a M(OSi) complex is produced, releasing CH 4 . A chemical bond between a metal-complex precursor and a support surface modifies the reactivity of the supported metal complex, resulting in novel catalytic activity the precursor complex does not exhibit. 3,6,11,28,29 Traditional ion-exchange on zeolites and intercalation to clay materials are also typical ways to introduce metal species onto solid supports although the valences and types of metal precursors are restricted. 4 Direct reactions of metal-complex precursors and hydroxy groups on oxide surfaces create novel metal-coordination structures, and many important factors for selective catalysis can be controlled at the interface, such as electronic properties and coordination sphere of the attached metal...

show abstract

Behavior of homogeneous and immobilized zinc-based catalysts in cycloaddition of CO2 to propylene oxide

Cited by 63 publications

References 30 publications

Ionic Liquids: The Synergistic Catalytic Effect in the Synthesis of Cyclic Carbonates

Ionic Liquids: The Synergistic Catalytic Effect in the Synthesis of Cyclic Carbonates

Highly efficient synthesis of cyclic carbonate with CO₂catalyzed by ionic liquid in a microreactor

Surface-Mediated Design and Catalytic Properties of Active Metal Complexes for Advanced Catalysis Creation

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Behavior of homogeneous and immobilized zinc-based catalysts in cycloaddition of CO2 to propylene oxide

Cited by 63 publications

References 30 publications

Ionic Liquids: The Synergistic Catalytic Effect in the Synthesis of Cyclic Carbonates

Ionic Liquids: The Synergistic Catalytic Effect in the Synthesis of Cyclic Carbonates

Highly efficient synthesis of cyclic carbonate with CO2catalyzed by ionic liquid in a microreactor

Surface-Mediated Design and Catalytic Properties of Active Metal Complexes for Advanced Catalysis Creation

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Highly efficient synthesis of cyclic carbonate with CO₂catalyzed by ionic liquid in a microreactor