Behavior of grazing cattle exposed to small populations of stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans L.)

Dougherty, C. T.; Knapp, F. W.; Burrus, P. B.; Willis, D.C.; Cornelius, P. L.

doi:10.1016/0168-1591(94)00546-q

Cited by 31 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Several studies have shown that high stable ßy densities can result in considerable economic losses throughout rural sectors (Dougherty et al 1995, Cook et al 1999). In the U.S. beef cattle industry, stable ßies account for losses of around $400 million annually (Dougherty et al 1995). Excessive ßy biting and attempts by livestock to dislodge feeding stable ßies can cause fatigue, stress, reduced grazing intake, and weight loss.…”

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confidence: 98%

Investigation of the Factors Affecting Adult Fly Production in Biosolid Cake

Dadour

Voss

2009

Environ Entomol

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The seasonal pattern of adult fly production in both fresh and aged biosolid cake was established by the exposure of biosolid cake to natural conditions in the central coastal region of Perth, Western Australia, over the course of a year. Relationships between fly emergence and six factors (weeks exposed, pH, NH(4), rainfall, temperature, and moisture) suspected of facilitating the attraction of adult flies to biosolid cake were measured. The aim was to study the production of adult flies with regard to weeks exposed in different seasons to establish a "best practice" storage procedure for aged biosolid cake. Four fly species were collected during the study; Musca domestica L. (house fly), Stomoxys calcitrans L. (stable fly), Fannia canicularis L. (lesser house fly), and Muscina stabulans (Fallén) (false stable fly). Of the 5,303 flies identified, >97% of these were either M. domestica or S. calcitrans. Adult flies emerged from biosolid cake all year round with a sharp decline in winter. The number of emerged flies peaked in summer (3,163 flies) and declined during autumn (1,545 flies) and spring (532 flies). Significant positive relationships were observed between the number of adult flies emerging from biosolid cake and ambient temperature, NH(4) content, and weeks exposed. Higher ambient temperatures and a higher NH(4) content of the biosolid cake were associated with increased number of adult flies emerging from the biosolid cake. Similarly, the majority of flies emerged from biosolid cake in the first 10 wk of exposure to fly activity.

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confidence: 98%

Investigation of the Factors Affecting Adult Fly Production in Biosolid Cake

Dadour

Voss

2009

Environ Entomol

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“…The event ended when there had not been side to side movement in 18 s z Tail Shake: The calf moved its tail from side to side. Once the tail passed the resting point this indicated the end of one event (Dougherty et al 1995) Non-nutritive Oral Behaviour: The calf sucked or licked teat or other object, including neighbours. Event was recorded when there had been oral behaviour for more than 18 s z and was over when there had been no oral behaviour for 18 s z Drinking: The calf was drinking from the automatic waterer.…”

Section: Table 3 Definitions Of Behaviour Recorded Within Each 2-h Wmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioural, health and cortisol responses of young calves to tail docking using a rubber ring or docking iron

Tom¹,

Rushen²,

Duncan³

et al. 2002

Can. J. Anim. Sci.

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. 2002. Behavioural, health and cortisol responses of young calves to tail docking using a rubber ring or docking iron. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 82: 1-9. The acute responses of thirty-six 7-to 17-d-old Holstein calves to tail docking using a rubber ring or a hot docking iron were examined. Plasma cortisol concentrations were measured on day 0 and day +1. Behaviour was examined on days -1, 0, +1, +2, and +5 after treatment. Milk intake, weight gain, body temperature and faeces scores were monitored. Rubber ring application caused an increase in tail grooming up to day +5 after treatment. Shorter standing and lying periods as well as higher frequencies of standing and lying on day 0 were seen in the rubber ring group. No significant differences in behaviour were observed between the control group and the docking iron group. No significant differences in plasma cortisol concentrations were found between any groups except for 60 min after treatment when the rubber ring group exhibited a significantly higher concentration than the control group. No differences in milk intake, weight gain, body temperature or faeces score were found. Tail docking with a rubber ring causes a more pronounced behavioural and physiological response than docking with a docking iron. However, long-term effects need to be investigated. On s'est intéressé à la réaction aiguë de 36 veaux Holstein de 7 à 17 jours à l'ablation de la queue par un anneau de caoutchouc ou un fer à cautériser. Les auteurs ont dosé la quantité de cortisol dans le sang le jour de la cautérisation (jour 0) et le lendemain (jour +1). Ils ont aussi étudié le comportement des animaux les jours -1, 0, +1, +2 et +5 du traitement. Pour cela, ils ont surveillé l'absorption de lait, le gain de poids, la température du corps et le nombre de fèces. L'usage d'un anneau en caoutchouc intensifie le nettoyage de la queue jusqu'au cinquième jour suivant le traitement. Les animaux pourvus d'un anneau restent moins longtemps debout et couchés mais se couchent et se lèvent plus souvent le jour 0. On n'observe toutefois aucune variation sensible du comportement chez les sujets du groupe témoin et ceux dont on avait coupé la queue avec le fer à cautériser. La concentration de cortisol dans le sang ne varie pas de manière significative d'un groupe à l'autre, sauf 60 minutes après l'ablation, où elle est sensiblement plus élevée chez les veaux dotés d'un anneau en caoutchouc que chez les témoins. Les auteurs n'ont relevé aucune variation au niveau de la quantité de lait absorbée, du gain de poids, de la température corporelle ou du nombre de fèces. L'amputation de la queue par un anneau en caoutchouc suscite une plus vive réaction comportementale et physiologique que son ablation avec le fer à cautériser. Il faudrait cependant entreprendre d'autres études pour préciser les effets à long terme d'une telle pratique.

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“…However, even though the ethogram used by de Oliveira and Keeling (2018) included more categories of tail movements, "tail hanging stationary" was also the most frequent position across all three situations in their study. Movement of the tail in our study was almost only recorded on PASTURE farms, where it was likely displayed to flick away flies (Dougherty et al, 1995).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Doing nothing and what it looks like… Inactivity in fattening cattle

Hintze

Maulbetsch

Asher

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Animals kept in barren environments often show increased levels of inactivity and first studies indicate that inactive behaviour may reflect boredom or depression-like states. However, inactivity does not necessarily reflect negative welfare and can even be a sign of positive welfare, for example in terms of relaxation. To date, knowledge of how to reliably differentiate between positive and negative states associated with inactivity is scarce and methods to identify different forms of inactivity are thus warranted. To this end, we developed an Inactivity Ethogram including detailed information on the postures of different body parts (Standing/Lying, Head, Ears, Eyes, Tail) for fattening cattle, a farm animal category often kept in barren environments. The Inactivity Ethogram was applied to Austrian Fleckvieh heifers from intensive, semi-intensive and pasture-based husbandry systems. Three farms per husbandry system were visited twice; once in the morning and once in the afternoon to cover most of the daylight hours with our observations. During each visit, 16 focal animals were continuously observed for 15 minutes each (96 heifers per husbandry system, 288 in total). Moreover, the focal animals' groups were video recorded to later determine the inactivity level on the group level. Group level and focal animal data were analysed with (generalised) linear mixed-effect models with husbandry system as fixed effect and (group nested in) farm visit nested in farm as random effects. Husbandry system did not affect group level inactivity or the time the different postures were adopted (with the exception of asymmetrical ears, which were more prevalent in intensive than in semi-intensive than in pasture systems). In addition to the analysis of the time the single postures were observed for, simultaneous occurrences of postures of different body parts (Standing/Lying, Head, Ears and Eyes) were analysed using the machine learning algorithm cspade to provide insight into co-occurring postures of inactivity. Frequently co-occurring postures were generally similar between husbandry systems, but with subtle differences. The most frequently observed combination in intensive and semi-intensive systems was Lying with Head up, Ears backwards and Eyes open whereas in pasture systems it was Lying with Head up, ears low and eyes closed. To conclude, both the Inactivity Ethogram (including the description of detailed postures) and the machine learning algorithm cspade (for identifying frequently co-occurring posture combinations) are promising tools to understand how combinations of postures may be used to distinguish between different affective states associated with inactivity.

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Behavior of grazing cattle exposed to small populations of stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans L.)

Cited by 31 publications

References 10 publications

Investigation of the Factors Affecting Adult Fly Production in Biosolid Cake

Investigation of the Factors Affecting Adult Fly Production in Biosolid Cake

Behavioural, health and cortisol responses of young calves to tail docking using a rubber ring or docking iron

Doing nothing and what it looks like… Inactivity in fattening cattle

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