Behavior of Alkali‐Bearing Minerals in Coking and Blast Furnace Processes

Gornostayev, Stanislav S.; Heikkinen, Eetu‐Pekka; Heino, Jyrki; Huttunen, Satu; Fabritius, Timo

doi:10.1002/srin.201500295

Cited by 13 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…There are two primary sources of minerals that affect coke’s reactivity: the inherent minerals in the coke matrix and the extrinsic minerals that are enriched in the blast furnace. A large number of studies have pointed out that the minerals in the coke matrix showed different promotion effects on the reactivity of the coke [ 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 ]. Generally, the cations of the minerals played a critical role in the promotion effects.…”

Section: Relations Between Coke Structures and Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comprehensive Review of Characterization Methods for Metallurgical Coke Structures

Zheng

Zhang

et al. 2021

Materials

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The structure of coke affects its reactivity and strength, which directly influences its performance in the blast furnace. This review divides coke structures into chemical structure, physical structure, and optical texture according to their relevant characteristics. The focuses of this review are the current characterization methods and research status of the coke structures. The chemical structures (element composition and functional group) can be characterized by elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy (Raman), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging technology (13C NMR). The physical structures (pore structure and micro-crystallite structure) can be characterized by image method, X-ray CT imaging technique, mercury intrusion method, nitrogen gas adsorption method, X-ray diffraction method (XRD), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The optical textures are usually divided and counted by a polarizing microscope. In the end, this review provides an idea of the construction of a coke molecular structural model, based on the above characterization. With the coke model, the evolution principles of the coke can be calculated and simulated. Hence, the coke performance can be predicted and optimized.

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Section: Relations Between Coke Structures and Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comprehensive Review of Characterization Methods for Metallurgical Coke Structures

Zheng

Zhang

et al. 2021

Materials

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“…Our calculations have shown (Figure ) that the behavior of sulfur‐bearing minerals under coke oven conditions varies substantially, observing a number of phase transformations at different temperatures as well as different amounts of sulfur released toward the end of coking process. Unlike aluminosilicates, most of the primary sulfides occurring in coals will decompose and/or transform to other phases at coking temperatures (Figure ). For that reason, not all of them can be found in metallurgical coke in their primary form.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to that, thermodynamics calculations were done with FactSage software (version 7.1) in order to trace the behavior of mineral‐related sulfur under coking and BF conditions as a function of temperature (200–1200 °C for the coking process, and 1000–2000 °C for the BF). The conditions for the calculations were the same as we used for the investigation of the behavior of alkali‐bearing minerals in metallurgical coke . The compositions of the coke oven and BF gas were taken from Liao et al and Quinn et al Stoichiometric compositions of sulfur‐bearing mineral phases were used as initial values for the calculations as they were presented in FactSage database .…”

Section: Tools and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence and Behavior of Sulfur‐Bearing Minerals in Metallurgical Coke

Gornostayev

Heikkinen

Heino

et al. 2018

steel research int.

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The behavior of sulfur-bearing minerals is characterized from coking coals to the feed coke and the blast furnace (BF) coke using field emission scanning electron microscope and thermodynamic calculations. In coals, they are represented by sulfides (pyrite, sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, and arsenopyrite) and sulfates (anhydrite and barite). During coking process, the minerals undergo phase transformations, but sulfur will be retained in the coke in mineral form for most of the minerals until the end of the coking process. Depending on the initial mineral in the coal, sulfur-bearing minerals will be transformed at the end of coking process into the following phases: pyrrhotite, wurtzite, Cu-Fe-S melt, CaS, and BaS. The amount of sulfur that will be kept in the coke in mineral form increases in the following order:gas flow under BF conditions facilitates liberation of sulfur from mineral phases in the Fe-S and Zn-S system. CaS and BaS are the most stable sulfur-bearing phases formed after sulfur-bearings minerals. The coals with elevated amounts of anhydrite and barite, or with high concentrations of Ca and Ba combined with S should be avoided for coking purposes. Complete elimination of mineral-related sulfur from coke under BF conditions occurs above 2000 C. Tools and MethodsThe samples of coals, feed coke, and BF coke we obtained from SSAB Europe Ltd., Raahe, Finland. The coals are represented by Jas Mos coal from Poland, Willow Creek coal from Canada, Riverside coal from Australia, and Severnaya-Vorkuta coal from Russia. The samples of BF coke were obtained by tuyere drilling. The length of the drill core (depth of drilling to the BF) was about 2 m. The supplied coals have, in general, relatively low content of sulfur, which usually do not exceed 0.5-0.6% (O. Kerkkonen, personal communication).Figure 4. Transformations of sulfur-bearing mineral phases (left column), and concentration of sulfur (right column) in mineral-carbon-gas (BF) system at 1000-2000 C. a) pyrhhotite, b) sphalerite-wurtzite, c) molten sulphide (Cu-Fe-S melt), d) CaS, e) BaS. www.advancedsciencenews.com www.steel-research.de steel research int. 2018, 89, 1700470

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“…In addition to that, thermodynamic calculations were done with FactSage software (version 7.2) in order to trace the behavior of mineral‐related phosphorus under elevated temperatures. The conditions for the calculations were the same as we used for the investigation of the behavior of alkali‐ and sulfur‐bearing minerals in metallurgical coke . The compositions of the coke oven and BF gas were taken from Liao et al and Quinn et al, respectively.…”

Section: Tools and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence and Behavior of Phosphorus‐Bearing Minerals in Metallurgical Coke

Gornostayev

Heikkinen

Heino

et al. 2019

steel research int.

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The behavior of phosphorus‐bearing minerals is characterized from coking coals to the feed coke and the blast furnace (BF) coke using scanning electron microscope and thermodynamic calculations. In coals, they are represented mostly by apatite (major phase, used for thermodynamic calculations), crandallite, gorceixite, goyazite, monazite and xenotime. Apatite fully transforms to Ca4P2O9 and Ca3P2O8 at coking temperatures. In the samples of BF coke, phosphorus‐bearing phases are 5–30 μm in size. In the case of a closed system (inside pieces of coke, no gas), phosphorus is presented in the BF in the form of Ca4P2O9 and Ca3P2O8 up to 1250 °C. Above this temperature, it is transformed to Fe3P (stable until 1495 °C). A further rise in temperature leads to the transformation of Fe3P to Fe2P (stable up to 1930 °C − tuyere level of the BF). In the case of an open system with intensive flow of BF gas, the formation of Fe3P from Ca4P2O9 and Ca3P2O8 starts at 1178 °C. The Fe2P appears near 1494–1495 °C, and after that it goes to a molten state.

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Behavior of Alkali‐Bearing Minerals in Coking and Blast Furnace Processes

Cited by 13 publications

References 19 publications

A Comprehensive Review of Characterization Methods for Metallurgical Coke Structures

A Comprehensive Review of Characterization Methods for Metallurgical Coke Structures

Occurrence and Behavior of Sulfur‐Bearing Minerals in Metallurgical Coke

Occurrence and Behavior of Phosphorus‐Bearing Minerals in Metallurgical Coke

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