Behavior modification of an autistic child

Brawley, Eleanor R.; Harris, Florence R.; Allen, K. Eileen; Fleming, Robert S.; Peterson, Richard B.

doi:10.1002/bs.3830140202

Cited by 41 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…For example, Ayllon, Layman, and Kandel (1975), Ayllon and Roberts (1974), Kirby andShields (1972), Marholin andSteinman (1977), and Winett and Roach (1973) found that the rate of disruptive behavior (R) decreased when reinforcement was arranged for academic behavior (re), just as Equation 3 requires. Similarly, Brawley, Harris, Allen, Fleming, and Peterson (1969) and Lovaas, Litrownik, and Mann (1971) found that the frequency of self-stimulatory behavior decreased when appropriate behavior was reinforced. In addition, Lovaas, Freitag, Gold, and Kassorla (1965) reported decreases in the frequency of self-injurious behavior when other behaviors were reinforced.…”

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confidence: 84%

Matching Theory in Natural Human Environments

1988

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Matching theory is a mathematical account of behavior, many aspects of which have been confirmed in laboratory experiments with nonhuman and human subjects. The theory asserts that behavior is distributed across concurrently available response alternatives in the same proportion that reinforcement is distributed across those alternatives. The theory also asserts that behavior on a single response alternative is a function not only of reinforcement contingent on that behavior, but also of reinforcement contingent on other behaviors and of reinforcement delivered independently of behavior. These assertions constitute important advances in our understanding of the effects of reinforcement on behavior. Evidence from the applied literature suggests that matching theory holds not only in laboratory environments, but also in natural human environments. In addition, the theory has important therapeutic implications. For example, it suggests four new intervention strategies, and it can be used to improve treatment planning and management. Research on matching theory illustrates the progression from laboratory experimentation with nonhuman subjects to therapeutic applications in natural human environments.Matching theory (Herrnstein, 1970) is a mathematical account of behavior. It has been a part ofbasic behavior analysis for over a quarter of a century, and it has been a topic of considerable interest for at least the last 18 years. Most basic scientists would agree that matching theory has advanced significantly our understanding of how the environment governs behavior.

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confidence: 84%

Matching Theory in Natural Human Environments

1988

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“…It has been shown that operant conditioning can be applied to trial and error learning, verbal conditioning, motor learning, problem solving and concept formation (Skinner, 1953;Green, 1963 (Lovaas. 1968), severe anorexia (Bachrach, Erwin and Mohr, 1965), socially disr4-ptive behaviors in the classroom (0 1 Leary and Becker, 1967), self destructive behavior (Allen and Harris, 1966), anti-social behavior (Colman and Baker, 1968;Cohen, 1968), psychogenic seizures (Gardener, 1967), mutism (Sherman, 1965;Straughan, 1968) and gross behavioral disorders in adult psychotics Azrin, 1965, 1968;Brawley ~al., 1969).…”

Section: Chapi'er II Review Of the Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

The structuring of procedures utilized in an adult stuttering treatment program

Prichard¹

2000

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In recent years. operant conditioning techniques have been effectively used to modify ~ variety of behaviors. For the most part, . , the modification of stuttering behavior has relied solely on the use of punishment. The shaping of "fluencyll through differential rein. ' forcement has been reported as a behavioral approach for the treat ment of stuttering; however, the effectiveness of this technique in combination with other "teaching" tools, such as, modeling, instruc tion, and explanation has not been reported in the literature.The purpose of this study was to construct behavioral defini tions of terminology utilized in a stuttering treatment program at Portland State University to produce "self... monitored normal, fluent speech" and to structure the procedures of this program with regard to baseline, conditioning, and extinction in order to provide a base for further research leading to the standardization of procedures for this program.A 35 year old male was chosen as the subject for this study. AcknowLedgetnents and appreciation of their help and support is extended to: the judges who rated "severity of stuttering ll --Dr. Special gratitude is expres sed to Dr. Robert L. Casteel, my chairman, for suggesting this study; for the sharing of his ideas for, and approaches to, the correction of stuttering, without which this project would never have been initiated; for the giving of his time to question, discuss, criticize and praise my methods of approach to the treatment of stuttering; and for the guidanc~ and reassurance he gave me throughout this study.

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“…(3) talking to, touching, assisting or going to the child" (Brawley, et al 1968). With such criteria the investigator catalogued the types of behaviors which constituted social interaction involving attention and excluded other stimuli originating in the behavior of an adult in contact with the subject.…”

Section: Defining and Recording Stimulus Eventsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A METHOD TO INTEGRATE DESCRIPTIVE AND EXPERIMENTAL FIELD STUDIES AT THE LEVEL OF DATA AND EMPIRICAL CONCEPTS¹

Bijou

Peterson

Ault

1968

J of App Behav Analysis

Self Cite

638

347

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It is the thesis of this paper that data from descriptive and experimental field studies can be interrelated at the level of data and empirical concepts if both sets are derived from frequency-of-occurrence measures. The methodology proposed for a descriptive field study is predicated on three assumptions: (1) The primary data of psychology are the observable interactions of a biological organism and environmental events, past and present. (2) Theoretical concepts and laws are derived from empirical concepts and laws, which in turn are derived from the raw data. (3) Descriptive field studies describe interactions between behavioral and environmental events; experimental field studies provide information on their functional relationships. The ingredients of a descriptive field investigation using frequency measures consist of: (1) specifying in objective terms the situation in which the study is conducted, (2) defining and recording behavioral and environmental events in observable terms, and (3) measuring observer reliability. Field descriptive studies following the procedures suggested here would reveal interesting new relationships in the usual ecological settings and would also provide provocative cues for experimental studies. On the other hand, field-experimental studies using frequency measures would probably yield findings that would suggest the need for describing new interactions in specific natural situations.

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Behavior modification of an autistic child

Cited by 41 publications

References 5 publications

Matching Theory in Natural Human Environments

Matching Theory in Natural Human Environments

The structuring of procedures utilized in an adult stuttering treatment program

A METHOD TO INTEGRATE DESCRIPTIVE AND EXPERIMENTAL FIELD STUDIES AT THE LEVEL OF DATA AND EMPIRICAL CONCEPTS¹

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Behavior modification of an autistic child

Cited by 41 publications

References 5 publications

Matching Theory in Natural Human Environments

Matching Theory in Natural Human Environments

The structuring of procedures utilized in an adult stuttering treatment program

A METHOD TO INTEGRATE DESCRIPTIVE AND EXPERIMENTAL FIELD STUDIES AT THE LEVEL OF DATA AND EMPIRICAL CONCEPTS1

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A METHOD TO INTEGRATE DESCRIPTIVE AND EXPERIMENTAL FIELD STUDIES AT THE LEVEL OF DATA AND EMPIRICAL CONCEPTS¹