Behavior Change Techniques

Wideman, Timothy H.; Sullivan, Michael J.; Inada, Shuji; McIntyre, David; Kumagai, Masayoshi; Yahagi, Naoya; Turner, Jill; Upton, Jane; Burns, Rachel J.; Rothman, Alexander J.; Michie, Susan; Johnston, Marie; Nakashima, Misuzu; Vedhara, Kavita; Dawe, Karen; Wong, Cara; Gellman, Marc D.; Brimmer, Dana; Zielinski-Gutierrez, Emily; Troxel, Wendy; Drerup, Michelle; Barrett, Chad; Gafni, Amiram; Birch, Stephen; Riley, Kristen E.; Gebel, Klaus; Ding, Ding; Hooker, Stephanie Ann; Hidalgo, Benjamin; Meneghini, Luigi; Borsari, Brian; Hustad, John; Sherry, Simon; Fitzpatrick, Skye; Benedict, Catherine; Hashizume, Masahiro; Shetty, Vivek; Miles, Eleanor; Baumann, Linda C.; Karel, Alyssa; Carrillo, Adriana; Gomez-Meade, Carley; Ginty, Annie T.; Hughes, Brian M.; Messiah, Sarah; Sebastiano, M. Di Katie; Millstein, Rachel; Spiers, Mary; Gidron, Yori; Haney, Alyssa; Okun, Michele L.; Beaton, Elliott A.; Roy, Éric; Harms, Victoria; Elias, Lorin; Hamann, Heidi; Stanton, Annette L.; Yanez, Betina R.; Masters, Kevin S.; Drobnjak, Suzana; LaCaille, Lara; Patiño-Fernández, Anna Maria; Kotlyar, Michael; Vuchetich, John P.; Woltz, Patricia

doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6439-6_1661-2

Cited by 43 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…BCTs are the active component of an intervention designed to change behavior [47]. BCTs were selected on the basis of their previously demonstrated effectiveness and an exploratory qualitative study among the target group [33].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect and Process Evaluation of a Smartphone App to Promote an Active Lifestyle in Lower Educated Working Young Adults: Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial

Simons

Bourdeaudhuij

Clarys

et al. 2018

JMIR Mhealth Uhealth

131

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BackgroundMobile technologies have great potential to promote an active lifestyle in lower educated working young adults, an underresearched target group at a high risk of low activity levels.ObjectiveThe objective of our study was to examine the effect and process evaluation of the newly developed evidence- and theory-based smartphone app “Active Coach” on the objectively measured total daily physical activity; self-reported, context-specific physical activity; and self-reported psychosocial variables among lower educated working young adults.MethodsWe recruited 130 lower educated working young adults in this 2-group cluster randomized controlled trial and assessed outcomes at baseline, posttest (baseline+9 weeks), and follow-up (posttest+3 months). Intervention participants (n=60) used the Active Coach app (for 9 weeks) combined with a Fitbit activity tracker. Personal goals, practical tips, and educational facts were provided to encourage physical activity. The control group received print-based generic physical activity information. Both groups wore accelerometers for objective measurement of physical activity, and individual interviews were conducted to assess the psychosocial variables and context-specific physical activity. Furthermore, intervention participants were asked process evaluation questions and generalized linear mixed models and descriptive statistics were applied.ResultsNo significant intervention effects were found for objectively measured physical activity, self-reported physical activity, and self-reported psychosocial variables (all P>.05). Intervention participants evaluated the Active Coach app and the combined use with the Fitbit wearable as self-explanatory (36/51, 70.6%), user friendly (40/51, 78.4%), and interesting (34/51, 66.7%). Throughout the intervention, we observed a decrease in the frequency of viewing graphical displays in the app (P<.001); reading the tips, facts, and goals (P<.05); and wearing the Fitbit wearable (P<.001). Few intervention participants found the tips and facts motivating (10/41, 24.4%), used them to be physically active (8/41, 19.6%), and thought they were tailored to their lifestyle (7/41, 17.1%).ConclusionsThe lack of significant intervention effects might be due to low continuous user engagement. Advice or feedback that was not perceived as adequately tailored and the difficulty to compete with many popular commercial apps on young people’s smartphones may be responsible for a decrease in the engagement. A stand-alone app does not seem sufficient to promote an active lifestyle among lower educated working young adults; therefore, multicomponent interventions (using both technological and human support), as well as context-specific sensing to provide tailored advice, might be needed in this population.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT02948803; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/results/NCT02948803 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/71OPFwaoA)

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect and Process Evaluation of a Smartphone App to Promote an Active Lifestyle in Lower Educated Working Young Adults: Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial

Simons

Bourdeaudhuij

Clarys

et al. 2018

JMIR Mhealth Uhealth

131

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“…A useful method for describing the potentially active ingredients of apps is to assess the behavior change techniques (BCTs) they contain [27-29]. A BCT is “an observable, replicable, and irreducible component of an intervention designed to alter or redirect causal processes that regulate behavior; that is, a technique is proposed to be an ‘active ingredient’ (eg, feedback, self-monitoring, and reinforcement)” (p. 82, [27]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavior Change Techniques in Popular Alcohol Reduction Apps

Crane¹,

Garnett²,

Brown³

et al. 2015

J Med Internet Res

Self Cite

157

175

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BackgroundMobile phone apps have the potential to reduce excessive alcohol consumption cost-effectively. Although hundreds of alcohol-related apps are available, there is little information about the behavior change techniques (BCTs) they contain, or the extent to which they are based on evidence or theory and how this relates to their popularity and user ratings.ObjectiveOur aim was to assess the proportion of popular alcohol-related apps available in the United Kingdom that focus on alcohol reduction, identify the BCTs they contain, and explore whether BCTs or the mention of theory or evidence is associated with app popularity and user ratings.MethodsWe searched the iTunes and Google Play stores with the terms “alcohol” and “drink”, and the first 800 results were classified into alcohol reduction, entertainment, or blood alcohol content measurement. Of those classified as alcohol reduction, all free apps and the top 10 paid apps were coded for BCTs and for reference to evidence or theory. Measures of popularity and user ratings were extracted.ResultsOf the 800 apps identified, 662 were unique. Of these, 13.7% (91/662) were classified as alcohol reduction (95% CI 11.3-16.6), 53.9% (357/662) entertainment (95% CI 50.1-57.7), 18.9% (125/662) blood alcohol content measurement (95% CI 16.1-22.0) and 13.4% (89/662) other (95% CI 11.1-16.3). The 51 free alcohol reduction apps and the top 10 paid apps contained a mean of 3.6 BCTs (SD 3.4), with approximately 12% (7/61) not including any BCTs. The BCTs used most often were “facilitate self-recording” (54%, 33/61), “provide information on consequences of excessive alcohol use and drinking cessation” (43%, 26/61), “provide feedback on performance” (41%, 25/61), “give options for additional and later support” (25%, 15/61) and “offer/direct towards appropriate written materials” (23%, 14/61). These apps also rarely included any of the 22 BCTs frequently used in other health behavior change interventions (mean 2.46, SD 2.06). Evidence was mentioned by 16.4% of apps, and theory was not mentioned by any app. Multivariable regression showed that apps including advice on environmental restructuring were associated with lower user ratings (Β=-46.61, P=.04, 95% CI -91.77 to -1.45) and that both the techniques of “advise on/facilitate the use of social support” (Β=2549.21, P=.04, 95% CI 96.75-5001.67) and the mention of evidence (Β=1376.74, P=.02, 95%, CI 208.62-2544.86) were associated with the popularity of the app.ConclusionsOnly a minority of alcohol-related apps promoted health while the majority implicitly or explicitly promoted the use of alcohol. Alcohol-related apps that promoted health contained few BCTs and none referred to theory. The mention of evidence was associated with more popular apps, but popularity and user ratings were only weakly associated with the BCT content.

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“…The psychosocial intervention provided as part of Gateways, Breaking Free Online (BFO), incorporates evidence-based behavioural change techniques (BCTs : Michie & Johnston, 2013;Michie et al, 2013), techniques from cognitive-behavioural therapy (Beck et al, 2001;Beck, 2011) and approaches such as 'mindfulness' (Marlatt et al, 2008;Marlatt et al, 2010). The BFO programme is appropriate for individuals with substance misuse difficulties, in addition to those who are dually diagnosed (e.g.…”

Section: The Implications Of Recovery and Rehabilitation Capital For mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, the clinical content of the programme is informed by a set of evidencebased, generic BCTs (Michie & Johnston, 2013;Michie et al, 2013) that although are appropriate for addressing the behavioural and psychosocial determinants of substance misuse, are also appropriate for addressing the behavioural and psychosocial determinants of offending. In this way, BFO is able to address substance use and offending simultaneously, allowing offenders to identify the links between their substance use and offending, whilst allowing the practitioners that deliver the programme to have a full understanding of each offender's circumstances.…”

Section: The Implications Of Recovery and Rehabilitation Capital For mentioning

confidence: 99%

Using the “recovery” and “rehabilitation” paradigms to support desistance of substance-involved offenders: exploration of dual and multi-focus interventions

Elison¹,

Davies²,

Ward³

et al. 2016

JCRPP

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The links between substance use and offending are well evidenced in the literature, and increasingly, substance misuse recovery is being seen as a central component of the process of rehabilitation from offending, with substance use identified as a key criminogenic risk factor. In recent years, research has demonstrated the commonalities between recovery and rehabilitation, and the possible merits of providing interventions to substance-involved offenders that address both problematic sets of behaviours. This review paper therefore provides an overview of the links between substance use and offending, and the burgeoning literature around the parallel processes of recovery and rehabilitation. This is provided as a rationale for a new treatment approach for substance-involved offenders, Breaking Free Online (BFO), which has recently been provided as part of the Gateways throughcare pathfinder in a number of prisons in North-West England. The BFO programme contains specific behaviour change techniques (BCTs) that are generic enough to be applied to change a wide range of behaviours, and so is able to support substance-involved offenders to address their substance use and offending simultaneously. This dual and multi-target intervention approach has the potential to address multiple, associated areas of need simultaneously, streamlining services and providing more holistic support for individuals, such as substance-involved offenders, who may have multiple and complex needs. Recommendations are provided to other intervention developers who may wish to further contribute to widening access to such dual-focus programmes for substance-involved offenders, based on the experiences developing and evidencing the BFO programme.

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Behavior Change Techniques

Cited by 43 publications

References 41 publications

Effect and Process Evaluation of a Smartphone App to Promote an Active Lifestyle in Lower Educated Working Young Adults: Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial

Effect and Process Evaluation of a Smartphone App to Promote an Active Lifestyle in Lower Educated Working Young Adults: Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial

Behavior Change Techniques in Popular Alcohol Reduction Apps

Using the “recovery” and “rehabilitation” paradigms to support desistance of substance-involved offenders: exploration of dual and multi-focus interventions

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