“…In fact, studies from around the world have reported that teachers spend significant amounts of instructional time managing student misbehaviour, the most common forms of which include misdemeanours such as talking out of turn and inattention (Ding, Li, Li, & Kulm, 2008;Kyriacou, 2010;Kyriacou & Ortega Martin, 2010;Leung & Ho, 2001;Little, 2005;Merrett & Wheldall, 1984;Poulou & Norwich, 2000;Shen, Zhang, Zhang, Caldarella, Richardson & Shatzer, 2009;Wickman, 1928). For example, primary school teachers in Australia and China have reported spending 25% (Hart, Wearing, & Conn, 1995) and 14.5% (Shen et al, 2009) of their instructional time managing student behaviour, respectively.…”