Beethoven's Earliest Sketches for the <i>Eroica</i> Symphony

Lockwood, Lewis

doi:10.1093/mq/lxvii.4.457

Cited by 6 publications

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“…Twenty years later, Lewis Lockwood argued that indeed Beethoven derived the opening theme of the Eroica directly from the theme of its finale, by examining the earliest sketches for the symphony, which had become available only in 1962 with the publication of the Wielhorsky sketchbook. 66 As Lockwood shows in an example reprinted here as example 10a, the first sketch has little in common with the opening theme as we know it, but closely follows the contour of the bass line of the finale's theme. Recall that in the finale the bass line is stated and varied before the tune itself appears; Beethoven was evidently aiming for a first-movement theme that was motivically related to the opening idea example 9.…”

Section: Biographical and Historical Evidencementioning

confidence: 89%

Musical Borrowing or Curious Coincidence?

Burkholder¹

2018

Journal of Musicology

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Many pieces of music borrow from other pieces in some way, whether by quoting an existing piece, presenting a series of variations on a borrowed theme, paraphrasing a melody, using another piece as a model, or alluding to another work more subtly. Recent years have seen a profusion of studies of borrowing in all its manifestations by scholars in fields from chant to hip hop. 1 In order to analyze an instance of musical borrowing or interpret its meaning or significance, we first have to establish that the creator of one piece of music has used material or ideas from another. It is not always obvious whether or how such borrowing is happening; musicians, listeners, and scholars may hear borrowings that composers did not intend. What evidence can be presented to support a claim of borrowing or to refute it? How can we know that the material is borrowed from this particular piece Earlier versions of this essay were presented as the Rey M. Longyear

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Section: Biographical and Historical Evidencementioning

confidence: 89%

Musical Borrowing or Curious Coincidence?

Burkholder¹

2018

Journal of Musicology

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“…The main theme (later adapted for his landmark third symphony) is then dramatically revealed, followed by 15 clever variations, culminating in a finale comprised of fugal elements that stitch multiple ideas together. 1 Here, our analogous baseline will be developed by tracing the arc of history for capillary-inertial jumping droplets and providing an account of the detective work leading to the breakthrough 2009 report. 2 The main theme centers on a graph of the jumping velocity as a function of droplet size and the associated mysteries of why the jumping efficiency is so low and why there is a critical minimum size for jumping.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Beethoven deceptively opens the work with several developments of the bass line, rather than the main theme itself. The main theme (later adapted for his landmark third symphony) is then dramatically revealed, followed by 15 clever variations, culminating in a finale comprised of fugal elements that stitch multiple ideas together 1 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Jumping droplets

Boreyko

2024

Droplet

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When microdroplets with quasi‐spherical contact angles coalesce together on a low‐adhesion substrate, the capillary‐inertial expansion of the liquid bridge induces a dramatic out‐of‐plane jumping event due to symmetry breaking. From the onset of merging, droplet jumping initiates after a capillary‐inertial time scale of μs with characteristic jumping speeds of order m/s. This coalescence‐induced jumping‐droplet effect is most commonly observed among a population of growing dew droplets on a superhydrophobic condenser, but can also occur by colliding deposited droplets together or during droplet sliding on fog harvesters. In this review, we cover the historical development of capillary‐inertial jumping droplets, summarize the decade‐long effort to rationalize the ultra‐low energy conversion efficiency and critical droplet size of the phenomenon, and then present 15 variations on a theme of jumping. Capillary‐inertial jumping droplets are not only a visceral illustration of the surprising power of surface tension at the microscale but they also have the potential to enhance phase‐change heat transfer, enable self‐cleaning surfaces, combat frost formation, harvest energy, and govern the rate of disease spread for wheat crops.

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Beethoven’s Unfinished Symphonies

Cooper

2020

Beethoven Studies 4

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Beethoven's Earliest Sketches for the Eroica Symphony

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

Musical Borrowing or Curious Coincidence?

Musical Borrowing or Curious Coincidence?

Jumping droplets

Beethoven’s Unfinished Symphonies

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