Beeswax by-Products Efficiently Counteract the Oxidative Damage Induced by an Oxidant Agent in Human Dermal Fibroblasts

Abstract

The antioxidant capacity and the phytochemical composition of two by-products from beeswax recycling processes were recently investigated. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the efficacy of one of these by-products, MUD1, against the oxidative stress induced by 2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) in human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cells. After a preliminary viability assay, the protective effect of MUD1 was investigated through the measurement of apoptosis level, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrite (NO2−) production, the level of protein and lipid biomarkers (carbonyl groups, total glutathione and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance) of oxidative damage, and the measurement of antioxidant enzymes activities (glutatione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione transferase, superoxide dismutase and catalase). The obtained results showed that MUD1 exerted protective effects on HDF, increasing cell viability and counteracted the oxidative stress promoted by AAPH-treatment, and improved mitochondria functionality and wound healing capacities. This work shows the antioxidant effects exerted by beeswax by-products, demonstrating for the first time their potential against oxidative stress in human dermal fibroblast cells; however, further research will be necessary to evaluate their potentiality for human health by more deeply in vitro and in vivo studies.

Industrial-Scale Decontamination Procedure Effects on the Content of Acaricides, Heavy Metals and Antioxidant Capacity of Beeswax

“…Hydrophilic extraction was performed as previously reported [37] by diluting 1 g of wax in 10 mL of distilled water and filtering it through Minisart filter of 45 μm (Sigma-Aldrich Química SL, Madrid, Spain). Lipophilic extraction was performed as previously reported [38] with some modifications.…”

Antioxidant Activity in Bee Products: A Review

“…This has not yet been adequately explored. Zhao et al [ 161 ] and Giampieri et al [ 20 , 162 ] did, however, demonstrate that by-products from beeswax recycling are a rich source of proteins, minerals, and polyphenols, conferring strong total antioxidant capacity, and low levels of toxins. Table 5 summarizes the results of their research on the antioxidant properties of beeswax derivatives.…”

“…Both research teams affirmed that the antioxidant capacity of wax extracts is higher than that of (some) honey. In Table 5 also royal jelly and bee venom antioxidant properties are considered [ 20 , 29 , 161 , 162 , 163 , 164 , 165 , 166 ].…”

“…Royal jelly has been proven to have numerous functional properties such as disinfectant action, and antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, vasodilative, hypotensive, antihypercholesterolemic, antitumor, and antioxidant activity, as reported in the review by Ramadan and Al-Ghamdi [ 168 ]. The antioxidant potency of royal jelly is attributed to its polyphenolic and flavonoid compounds; free amino acids, including essential ones; small peptides, such as di-peptides (Lys-Tyr, Arg-Tyr, and Tyr-Tyr) obtained from protease hydrolyzed royal jelly proteins; peptides and proteins; fatty acids (the main being 10-hydroxydecanoic acid); and vitamins [ 3 , 162 , 169 ]. The principal flavonoids present in royal jelly include flavonoles (e.g., quercetin, kaempherol, galangin, and fisetin), flavanones (e.g., pinocembrin, naringin, and hesperidin), and flavones (e.g., apigenin, acacetin, chrysin, and luteolin) [ 168 ].…”

“…Using a DPPH radical-scavenging assay, Park et al [ 29 ] confirmed the antioxidant capacity of MRJPs 1–7 of A. mellifera at levels ranging between approximately 30 and 80% of residual radical. Pavel et al [ 162 ] quantified TPC and AOA in local (Romanian) and commercial royal jelly (10% in distilled water). TPC was measured by a Folin-Ciocalteu reagent reduction and found to be 23.49 and 23.25 mg GAE/g for local and commercial royal jelly, respectively.…”