“…Hence, downregulation of these enzymes decreases overall melanin synthesis (Hearing & Tsukamoto, 1991). Treatment using bee venom (BV) from the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) is a traditional therapeutic modality in East Asian countries (Yin, Lee, Hong, Chung, & Koh, 2005), that is especially known for its pain relieving (Billingham, Morley, Hanson, Shipolini, & Vernon, 1973;Kwon et al, 2001), anti-inflammatory (Kwon et al, 2002;Lee et al, 2004), anti-apoptotic (Doo et al, 2012) and anti-carcinogenic effects (Moon et al, 2007). BV has also been used as a cosmetic ingredient due to its anti-ageing and antimicrobial properties (Han, Lee, Yeo, Kweon, Woo, Baek, et al, 2007;Piek, 1986).…”