Beauty Is in the Eye of the Beer Holder: An Initial Investigation of the Effects of Alcohol, Attractiveness, Warmth, and Competence on the Objectifying Gaze in Men

Riemer, Abigail R.; Haikalis, Michelle; Franz, Molly R.; Dodd, Michael D.; DiLillo, David; Gervais, Sarah J.

doi:10.1007/s11199-017-0876-2

Cited by 14 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 84 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…As regards the attractiveness of the target, which was related to an increase in objectification in previous empirical evidence [54], we found one piece of evidence that supported previous results. Namely, in Study 1 the higher was the attractiveness of the male targets, the lower was the inversion effect that emerged.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…While sexualization was measured as an objective characteristic of the stimulus, for attractiveness, we measured subjective evaluations of the perceivers. Riemer and colleagues [54] found that greater perceived attractiveness was associated with an increased objectifying gaze: Participants gazed shorter to the faces, but longer to the chests and waists of the more attractive women. This suggests that greater attractiveness might be associated with higher levels of objectification.…”

Section: The Present Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Measuring objectification through the Body Inversion Paradigm: Methodological issues

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Objectification occurs when a person is perceived and/or treated like an object. With the present work, we overview the available measures of objectification and present a series of studies aimed at investigating the validity of the task of inverted body recognition proposed by Bernard and colleagues (2012), which might potentially be a useful cognitive measure of objectification. We conducted three studies. Study 1 (N = 101) is a direct replication of Bernard et al.'s study: participants were presented with the same photos of sexualized male and female targets used in the original research. Study 2a (N = 100) is a conceptual replication: we used different images of scantily dressed male and female models. Finally, in Study 2b (N = 100), we investigated a boundary condition by presenting to participants photos of the same models as in Study 2a, but fully dressed and non-sexualized. Using mixed-effects models for completely-crossed classified data structures, we investigated the relationship between the inversion effect and the stimulus' asymmetry, sexualization and attractiveness, and the perceivers' self-objectification, sexism, and automatic woman-human association. Study 1 replicated the original results, showing a stronger inversion effect for male photos. However, no difference between male and female stimuli emerged in either Study 2a or 2b. Moreover, the impact of the other variables on the inversion effect was highly unstable across the studies. These aspects together indicate that the inversion effect depends on the specific set of stimuli and limits the generalizability of results collected using this method. Measuring objectification through the inversion paradigm: Methodological issues On first approach, the meaning of objectification is straightforward: It refers to all circumstances under which a person is treated like an object [1]. Under these circumstances, the person may be denied autonomy and subjectivity, considered instrumental, fungible, violable, ownable by others [1] reduced to body and appearance, or silenced [2]. Over the last decade, many empirical and theoretical works have addressed the phenomenon of objectification and, more specifically, of sexual objectification, which is also the focus of the present work. Nevertheless, we still need to solve important issues, the most important of which is probably how to methodologically address this phenomenon (see [3]).

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: The Present Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring objectification through the Body Inversion Paradigm: Methodological issues

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…We attribute this to the fact that women’s sexual objectification is a multifaceted phenomenon, which reflects diverse rather than a single motivation. For example, besides the motivation for dominance, it stems from sexual drives, as evident by findings from eye tracking studies that women targets judged as highly attractive are sexually objectified more than targets judged as less attractive (Riemer et al, 2017). That women’s sexual objectification can be potentially driven by several motivations makes it a good concealment for (potentially socially unacceptable) dominance motivation—yet it also makes it more challenging to isolate the effect of this particular motivation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…First, in line with evolutionary theorizing that women’s sexual objectification by men reflects evolved mating strategies (Buss & Schmitt, 1993), findings from eye tracking research point to a sexual motivation. These studies reveal that heterosexual men sexually objectify highly attractive women targets (e.g., with lower hip-to-waist ratio; Singh, 1993) more than lowly attractive targets (Riemer et al, 2017) and that men direct more objectifying gazes at body parts that are informative for fertility, such as the waist–hip regions, than at other body parts (Hall, Hogue, & Guo, 2011).…”

Section: Motivations For Engagement In Sexual Objectificationmentioning

confidence: 91%

Domination and Objectification: Men’s Motivation for Dominance Over Women Affects Their Tendency to Sexually Objectify Women

Bareket

Shnabel

2019

Psychology of Women Quarterly

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In the present research, we examined the association between heterosexual men’s motivation for dominance over women and their sexual objectification of women. We found that men’s social dominance orientation (SDO) correlated with their tendency to sexually objectify women (Study 1). Inducing threat to men’s dominance over women by assigning men to work under the supervision of women bosses—versus jointly with women partners (Study 2a) or under men bosses (Study 3)—led to increased sexual objectification of women among high-SDO participants. These results persisted when controlling for mood. Examining the corresponding effects among heterosexual women revealed that the correlation between SDO and the sexual objectification of men was non-significant (Study 1) and that working under men bosses did not affect women’s sexual objectification of men (Study 2b). These findings support feminist theorizing that men (re)assert their dominance over women by sexually objectifying them. Increased awareness of the motivations underlying women’s sexual objectification can help professionals plan useful interventions to reduce this phenomenon, hopefully limiting its negative effects on women’s well-being.

show abstract

“…Burgeoning evidence also suggests that alcohol intoxication influences sexual objectification. A recent study indicated that alcohol intoxication among men increased objectifying gazes toward women, and intoxicated participants rated women as less warm and competent compared with their sober counterparts (Riemer et al, 2017). Coupled with the already established alcohol consumption—sexual aggression link (Abbey, 2011), the existing literature suggests a mediation model (Figure 1a).…”

Section: Sexual Objectification As a Mediator Of Alcohol Use And Sexual Aggressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Cross-Cultural Comparison of the Role of Sexual Objectification in the Relationship Between Alcohol Use and Sexual Assault Perpetration

Tuliao

Landoy

Mullet

et al. 2019

J Interpers Violence

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In this study, we examined how sexual objectification can help explicate the relationship between alcohol use and sexual assault perpetration. Specifically, we examined a mediation and a moderation model. Moreover, given that gender roles and sexual norms vary across cultures, we also examined the structural invariance of the models between a U.S. male (n = 404) and Philippines male (n = 100) college sample. Path analyses were used to examine the mediation and the moderation model, and multiple groups analysis was

show abstract

Beauty Is in the Eye of the Beer Holder: An Initial Investigation of the Effects of Alcohol, Attractiveness, Warmth, and Competence on the Objectifying Gaze in Men

Cited by 14 publications

References 84 publications

Measuring objectification through the Body Inversion Paradigm: Methodological issues

Measuring objectification through the Body Inversion Paradigm: Methodological issues

Domination and Objectification: Men’s Motivation for Dominance Over Women Affects Their Tendency to Sexually Objectify Women

A Cross-Cultural Comparison of the Role of Sexual Objectification in the Relationship Between Alcohol Use and Sexual Assault Perpetration

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About