Bearings in Aerospace, Application, Distress, and Life: A Review

Kumar, Neeraj; Satapathy, RK

doi:10.1007/s11668-023-01658-z

Cited by 12 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 158 publications

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“…Rolling bearings play a crucial role in machinery design, demanding high durability and reliability to ensure continuous operation, minimizing the need for maintenance shutdowns [1,2]. They must exhibit a high service life irrespective of the environmental conditions they are exposed to [1,[3][4][5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Industrial-Scale Study of the Hardness and Microstructural Effects of Isothermal Heat Treatment Parameters on EN 100CrMo7 Bearing Steel

Fortini,

Bertarelli,

Cassola

et al. 2024

Applied Sciences

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The 100CrMo7, commonly employed for bearings in rotating machinery, relies on precise heat treatment parameters to ensure an optimal microstructure and, in turn, mechanical properties. Typically, an austenitizing treatment, followed by rapid cooling in a salt bath for martempering or austempering, is crucial in achieving the desired microstructure and hardness. The present industrial-scale study involved a comparative analysis between martempering and austempering routes regarding the hardness and microstructure evolution of EN 100CrMo7 large-size rings. The investigation delves into the effects of austempering temperatures, holding times, and austenitizing temperature. Furthermore, the role of tempering in reducing the amount of retained austenite was also considered. The results indicate that martempering yielded the highest hardness values while austempering exhibited a decrease in hardness at the center of the rings, though a lower amount of retained austenite (in the range of 3.0–4.9 vol.%) was detected in comparison with martempering. In addition, a 850 °C austenitizing temperature reduced the hardness by 16% in the center of the rings and promoted a high content of upper bainite, thus suggesting its inefficacy for the involved large-size rings. In contrast, a 880 °C austenitizing temperature maintained consistently high HRC values across the ring’s height. Lastly, the analysis highlighted that the cooling rate played a more crucial role than the austempering holding time. Such industrial-scale investigations performed on real components improve the knowledge and control of heat treatment parameters in comparison with the nominal guidelines provided by steel suppliers. These outcomes offer insights for optimizing industrial heat treatment parameters, with practical implications for enhancing steel bearings’ microstructural and mechanical performance and lifespan.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Industrial-Scale Study of the Hardness and Microstructural Effects of Isothermal Heat Treatment Parameters on EN 100CrMo7 Bearing Steel

Fortini,

Bertarelli,

Cassola

et al. 2024

Applied Sciences

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“…As a new type of non-contact bearing, a gas-extruded membrane bearing relies on the squeeze effect of a gas film to control the gas flow and pressure distribution for the smooth operation of the bearing [1]. It demonstrates advantages such as low friction, high precision, the capacity for self-lubrication, and environmentally friendly status, which make it widely applicable to high-speed rotation and precision motion applications in settings such as wind turbine power generation [2], aerospace engineering [3], precision machine tooling [4,5], automotive fuel cells [6], micro-gas compressors [7][8][9][10], and more.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the Load-Bearing Characteristics of Gas-Extruded Membrane Bearings Based on the Alternating Direction Implicit Method

Dong-ming

Wang

et al. 2023

Lubricants

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In this study, a novel gas-extruded membrane bearing was developed, and an optimization algorithm was applied to solve a Reynolds equation that describes the load-bearing characteristics of this bearing. This was effective in improving the solution rate of the Reynolds equation, significantly reducing the difficulty of obtaining a solution, avoiding high programming difficulty, and achieving a high solution accuracy. Through a comparative analysis, the error in the accuracy of the alternating implicit difference method was addressed, and the traditional finite element method for solving the same model was verified, with an average error of 2% reached to verify its applicability. The algorithm was also used to analyze the load-bearing capacity of the gas-extruded membrane bearing. This revealed not only a positive correlation of the average load-bearing capacity of the gas-extruded membrane bearing with the frequency and amplitude of vibration but also a negative correlation with radial clearance, with the cut-off frequency reaching 19 Khz. The load-bearing capacity of the gas-extruded membrane bearing proposed in this paper reached 1.28 N, which indicated an error of 3.28% with the theoretical approach. To sum up, this research provides an important reference for the design and manufacture of novel gas-extruded membrane bearings.

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“…Gong et al [6] found that three-body abrasive wear was the main failure mode for the inner ring raceway of roller bearing in a wind turbine gearbox. Kumar and Satapathy [7] reviewed the typical distress, causes and diagnosis of bearings, including NRBs, in aerospace application.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Failure Analysis of a Needle Roller Bearing in a Megawatt Reciprocating Pump

Li,

Wei,

et al. 2023

J Fail. Anal. and Preven.

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In this paper, bearing failure was reported for a needle roller bearing used as intermediate support in a pinion shaft system. Severe deformation and wear were noticed on the working surface of the failed needle roller and around the window lintel of the bearing cage. The geometry, materials and hardness of the failed needle roller bearing were analyzed. Appearance detection, SEM and EDS analyses were carried out for clarifying the potential reasons of the needle roller bearing failure. The effect of radial displacement, Hertz contact stress and misalignment on the service life of the needle roller bearing were discussed. The excessive deformation and misalignment, resulting from the unbalanced loading and improper assembly, are the likely cause of the needle roller bearing failure.

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Bearings in Aerospace, Application, Distress, and Life: A Review

Cited by 12 publications

References 158 publications

An Industrial-Scale Study of the Hardness and Microstructural Effects of Isothermal Heat Treatment Parameters on EN 100CrMo7 Bearing Steel

An Industrial-Scale Study of the Hardness and Microstructural Effects of Isothermal Heat Treatment Parameters on EN 100CrMo7 Bearing Steel

Analysis of the Load-Bearing Characteristics of Gas-Extruded Membrane Bearings Based on the Alternating Direction Implicit Method

Failure Analysis of a Needle Roller Bearing in a Megawatt Reciprocating Pump

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