Bearing Steels in the 21st Century

Tsubota, Kazuichi; Sato, Toshio; Kato, Yoshiyuki; Hiraoka, Kazuhiko; Hayashi, Ryoji

doi:10.1520/stp12129s

Cited by 14 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Steels, containing approximate 0·8–1·1 wt- of carbon and less than 3 wt- of substitutional solutes in total, have served for through hardened bearings overwhelmingly in mass market 1,2 for over a century since the typical 1C–1·5Cr alloy was proved to be suitable for bearing application by ball bearing tests by Stribech in 1901 3 and then adopted in practice by Fichtel and Sachs in 1905. 2,4 The supersaturated high carbon in martensite combined with the retained chromium enriched hard cementite guaranteed the very high hardness up to approximate 800 HV20 in bearings. 5 The microstructures were achieved by a partially austenitisation with ∼3–4 of undissolved cementite followed by quenching and tempering.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Low density steel 1·2C–1·5Cr–5Al designed for bearings

Cai

Hou

et al. 2014

Materials Science and Technology

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A novel alloy design, designated as 1·2C–1·5Cr–5Al, has been proposed with high aluminium(∼5 wt-) and more carbon(∼1·2 wt-) addition into the classical 1C–1·5Cr bearing steel for lowering density and improving performance simultaneously, which is approximate 8 wt- lighter than convention. In order to understand preliminarily the suitability of the novel alloy for bearing application, the martensite starting temperature and hardness, related to microstructure evolution and mechanical properties, respectively, after partial austenitisation treatment with undissolved carbides have been investigated carefully. The martensite starting temperature is comparable with conventional 1C–1·5Cr alloy. The hardness of 860±3 HV20 achieved is much higher than convention.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Low density steel 1·2C–1·5Cr–5Al designed for bearings

Cai

Hou

et al. 2014

Materials Science and Technology

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“…In addition, these steels have good mechanical strength and high fatigue life. These characteristics result in mechanical properties are achieved through a rigid steelmaking process in the melt shop, where the liquid steel undergoes a series of refining reactions, including the removal of non-metallic inclusions (NMIs) through their transport, absorption and dissolution to the slag phase [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] . However, although all efforts made in the steel industry to strictly meet the cleanliness requirements (clean steels), it is still observed in the metallurgical processing of this steel, the residual of alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) inclusions, which are the product of deoxidation in Al-killed steels and spinel (MgO•Al 2 O 3 ) inclusions, formed by the presence of Mg in the liquid steel.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Spinel Based Inclusions During the Last Stage of The Steelmaking Process of SAE 52100

et al. 2020

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Al 2 O 3 (alumina) and MgO•Al 2 O 3 (spinel) inclusions cause valve obstruction (clogging) in continuous casting and can deteriorate the quality of the final product. In this context, industrial heats of the bearing steel SAE 52100 was examined. Samples were collected in the final steps of the steelmaking process, both after vacuum treatment and during continuous casting. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with a energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and automated particle characterization analysis was used to characterize the inclusions present in the steel samples. Thermodynamic calculations were performed with the commercial software FactSage TM 7.2. Based on thermodynamic predictions, parameters such as solid fraction, liquid fraction, MgO saturation point of the slags, content of dissolved elements in steel (Al, Mg, Ca,...) and the construction of a phase stability diagram were determined. The results in this study showed a tendency for increase in MgO content in the inclusions with the decrease of %FeO and SiO 2 contents in the slag, an increase of binary basicity (%CaO/%SiO 2). It is verified that the MgO contents in the slag were close to the saturation, increasing the probability for the formation of inclusions rich in MgO and/or spinel. On the other hand, stability diagrams confirm the formation of spinel inclusions for each of the heats analyzed. During the final step of the steelmaking process, there is a tendency for re-oxidation, which is verified by an increase in the density of inclusions (or total oxygen TO values).

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“…To improve the mechanical properties of AISI 52100 steel, especially to wear is used heat treatment of quenching and tempering it consists in heating the steel to the austenitic region with temperature of 1040 o C for 20 min., Ensuring that all the carbon of cementite was dissolved in the austenitic structure, yielding after cooling, grain sizes between 40 and 60 µm [4]. After cooling the martensitic structure obtained still has about 6% by volume of retained austenite and 3 to 4% of cementite particles which did not dissolve during austenitizing [5,6]. Studies have been developed by adding silicon and vanadium to reduce the concentration of chromium, while maintaining the hardness and hardenability of AISI 52100 steel [7,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling of Steel AISI 52100 Gotten by the Route of Powder Metallurgy

Diogo

Souza

Lourenço

et al. 2014

MSF

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The AISI 52100 steel is a material widely used in the industry due to its high fatigue resistance, dimensional stability, high hardness and wear resistance. This steel is used for production of ball bearings, stamping tools, etc. In case of production of ball bearings and its track this material is spherodized because, due to its high content of carbon, about 1%, it has high mechanical strength making it impossible to cold forming. To obtain a wear resistant surface, after forming, this material is hardened and tempered. Normally to obtain the AISI 52100 steel, arc electric melting furnace is used. This work aims the reuse of AISI 52100 steel by powder metallurgy route, starting from the machined chips using high energy mill (planetary) to obtain the powder. Then, the powder was uniaxially pressed into a press with a load of 4 tons, to form the specimen, later on pressed in an isostatic press at a pressure of 300MPa to obtain a better densification. To analyze the powder morphology and the phases obtained after sintering, was used a scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction to calculate the crystallite size. It was verified that with more than 10 hours of grinding, the crystallite size does not change significantly, the particles gained rounded shapes with a size distribution between 30 and 5μm. The microstructure obtained by the two routes was nearly identical after sintering.

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Bearing Steels in the 21st Century

Cited by 14 publications

References 17 publications

Low density steel 1·2C–1·5Cr–5Al designed for bearings

Low density steel 1·2C–1·5Cr–5Al designed for bearings

Analysis of Spinel Based Inclusions During the Last Stage of The Steelmaking Process of SAE 52100

Recycling of Steel AISI 52100 Gotten by the Route of Powder Metallurgy

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