Bearing Capacity of Strip Footings on Anisotropic Soils by the Finite Elements and Linear Programming

Limit Analysis of Lateral Earth Pressure on Geosynthetic-Reinforced Retaining Structures Subjected to Strip Footing Loading Using Finite Element and Second-Order Cone Programming

“…This assumption is used for the sake of simplicity so as to exclusively examine the effect of surcharge loading on the limit state lateral earth pressure of geosynthetic-reinforced retaining structures. The assumption of the associated flow rule has also been effectively adopted in a majority of the previous FELA studies throughout the literature for the stability analysis of various geo-structures (Steedman and Zeng 1990;Lancellotta 2007;Bellezza et al 2012;Veiskarami et al 2017;Khatri 2019;Fathipour et al 2020Fathipour et al , 2021a; however, it is worth noting that increasing the dilation angle leads to the slight decrease in the values of active lateral earth pressures for the observed trends in this study (Veiskarami et al 2014;. Incorporation of the non-associated flow rule in the finite element limit analysis has not been systematically established in the literature so far.…”

Lower bound analysis of modified pseudo‐dynamic lateral earth pressures for retaining wall‐backfill system with depth‐varying damping using FEM‐Second order cone programming

“…46 Apart from the advantages of the FELA, as opposed to the other methods, the application of the adopted FELA to model the stability of geo-structures has been extensively validated in many previous studies implementing innovative efforts to model a variety of soil conditions. 20,21,38,43,[46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56] It should be noted that considering the associated flow rule and assuming dilation angle to be equal with the internal friction angle do have influence on the estimated lateral earth pressures. [60][61][62][63] Indeed, the active and passive lateral earth pressures would be slightly greater and smaller, respectively, than those estimated in the current FELA simulations depending on the value of the adopted dilation angle.…”

“…Apart from the abovementioned discussion, FELA have been commonly performed throughout the literature using the failure criterion following the associated flow rule. 20,21,38,43,[46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57]59 In particular, there exists no specific and efficient approach in the literature to account for the non-associated flow rule in the lower bound formulations. The non-associated flow rule should be implemented in the induced plastic strains; while the lower bound theorem does not take the induced strains into account and deals mainly with the stresses mobilized in the soil medium.…”

“…57,65 In order to obtain the stress field (σ x , σ y and τ xy ) within the backfill as the primary unknowns of the corresponding lower bound limit analysis problem, a number of constraints must be satisfied element-wise. 20,21,38,43,[46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57] For the element equilibrium constraint, all acting forces on the failure wedge must be in equilibrium resulting in particular constraints at nodal points. Accordingly, the stresses through each element must be in equilibrium, adopting the right-handed Cartesian coordinate system, with the acting stresses, including soil unit weight and earthquake loading, as:…”

Undrained lower bound solutions for end bearing capacity of shallow circular piles in non‐homogeneous and anisotropic clays

“…Furthermore, it is not convenient to apply the model for the LB analysis as its failure function is written in terms of δ rather than the state of stress. Recently, Veiskarami et al adopted the anisotropic strength criterion by Casagrande and Carrillo and Lo and proposed several mathematical functions using linear, sine, and cosine ones to describe the anisotropic shear strength parameters in a general direction defined by the δ angle. However, these variants suggested by Veiskarami et al also suffer the same limitations like its predecessor.…”