“…Among the avian viruses, A/duck/Anhui/1/2006(H5N1) (AV/H5N1) belongs to the 2.3.4 clade which circulated in mainland of China in recent years Li et al, 2010;Smith et al, 2009b). A/Chicken/Shanghai/10/2001(H9N2) (AV/H9N2), A/Chicken/Beijing/1/1994-like strain is one of the most prevalent influenza viruses circulating among poultry in southern China today (Choi et al, 2004;Chu et al, 2011;Xu et al, 2007;Zhou et al, 2015). The genome of A/pigeon/Shanghai/S1421/2013(H7N9) (AV/H7N9) is similar to the virus which caused the fatal human infection in eastern China at the beginning of 2013, and into 2014 .…”
Guangdong Province is recognized for dense populations of humans, pigs, poultry and pets. In order to evaluate the threat of viral infection faced by those working with animals, a cross-sectional, sero-epidemiological study was conducted in Guangdong between December 2013 and January 2014. Individuals working with swine, at poultry farms, or live poultry markets (LPM), and veterinarians, and controls not exposed to animals were enrolled in this study and 11 (4 human, 3 swine, 3 avian, and 1 canine) influenza A viruses were used in hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays (7 strains) and the cross-reactivity test (9 strains) in which 5 strains were used in both tests. Univariate analysis was performed to identify which variables were significantly associated with seropositivity. Odds ratios (OR) revealed that swine workers had a significantly higher risk of elevated antibodies against A/swine/Guangdong/L6/2009(H1N1), a classical swine virus, and A/swine/Guangdong/SS1/2012(H1N1), a Eurasian avian-like swine virus than non-exposed controls. Poultry farm workers were at a higher risk of infection with avian influenza H7N9 and H9N2. LPM workers were at a higher risk of infection with 3 subtypes of avian influenza, H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2. Interestingly, the OR also indicated that LPM workers were at risk of H1N1 swine influenza virus infection, perhaps due to the presence of pigs in the LPM. While partial confounding by cross-reactive antibodies against human viruses or vaccines cannot be ruled out, our data suggests that animal exposed people as are more likely to have antibodies against animal influenza viruses.
“…Among the avian viruses, A/duck/Anhui/1/2006(H5N1) (AV/H5N1) belongs to the 2.3.4 clade which circulated in mainland of China in recent years Li et al, 2010;Smith et al, 2009b). A/Chicken/Shanghai/10/2001(H9N2) (AV/H9N2), A/Chicken/Beijing/1/1994-like strain is one of the most prevalent influenza viruses circulating among poultry in southern China today (Choi et al, 2004;Chu et al, 2011;Xu et al, 2007;Zhou et al, 2015). The genome of A/pigeon/Shanghai/S1421/2013(H7N9) (AV/H7N9) is similar to the virus which caused the fatal human infection in eastern China at the beginning of 2013, and into 2014 .…”
Guangdong Province is recognized for dense populations of humans, pigs, poultry and pets. In order to evaluate the threat of viral infection faced by those working with animals, a cross-sectional, sero-epidemiological study was conducted in Guangdong between December 2013 and January 2014. Individuals working with swine, at poultry farms, or live poultry markets (LPM), and veterinarians, and controls not exposed to animals were enrolled in this study and 11 (4 human, 3 swine, 3 avian, and 1 canine) influenza A viruses were used in hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays (7 strains) and the cross-reactivity test (9 strains) in which 5 strains were used in both tests. Univariate analysis was performed to identify which variables were significantly associated with seropositivity. Odds ratios (OR) revealed that swine workers had a significantly higher risk of elevated antibodies against A/swine/Guangdong/L6/2009(H1N1), a classical swine virus, and A/swine/Guangdong/SS1/2012(H1N1), a Eurasian avian-like swine virus than non-exposed controls. Poultry farm workers were at a higher risk of infection with avian influenza H7N9 and H9N2. LPM workers were at a higher risk of infection with 3 subtypes of avian influenza, H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2. Interestingly, the OR also indicated that LPM workers were at risk of H1N1 swine influenza virus infection, perhaps due to the presence of pigs in the LPM. While partial confounding by cross-reactive antibodies against human viruses or vaccines cannot be ruled out, our data suggests that animal exposed people as are more likely to have antibodies against animal influenza viruses.
“…Phylogenetic analysis revealed the novel genotype of this isolate and denoted as U. Serosurveillance between 2010-2011 detected a prevalence range of 20.21 -28.98%, while in 2012, the rate was higher (44.85%) (Sun et al, 2013). Experimental infection also confirms the susceptibility of dogs to avian origin H9N2 (Amirsalehy et al, 2012).However, susceptibility may vary between breeds and H9N2 subtype origin (Amirsalehy et al, 2012;Zhou et al, 2015b). Infected dog present mild clinical signs including weak, coughing, sneezing, nasal discharge, mild pyrexia, appetite and vomiting.…”
Section: Avian-like H9n2mentioning
confidence: 65%
“…Also, it has been experimentally proven that interspecies transmission of H1N1/2009 among dogs is low (Lin et al, 2012). Amirsalehy et al, 2012;Sun et al, 2013;Zhang et al, 2013;Zhou et al, 2015a ;Zhou et al, 2015b ii. Avian-Origin Canine Influenza Virus H3N2 In South Korea, there was an outbreak of CIV H3N2 with severe respiratory diseases between May to September 2007 (Song et al, 2008).…”
Section: Influenza a Virus Subtypes In Dog And Catmentioning
“…H9N2 virus recovered from pigs showed altered antigenicity compared with its counterparts from chicken (Cong et al, ), indicating dynamic adaption process during avian‐to‐pig transmission. Canine was recently found to be susceptible to Ck/Bei/1/94 lineage of H9N2 infection from southern China (Zhou et al, ). Virologic and epidemiological evidences demonstrated avian influenza virus infections among feral dogs in LBM (Amirsalehy, Nili, & Mohammadi, ; Su et al, ; Sun, Xu, et al, ; Sun, Tan, et al, ; Zhang et al, ).…”
Section: Evolution and Ecology Of H9n2 Virusesmentioning
Continuously emergence of human infection with avian influenza A virus poses persistent threat to human health, as illustrated in H5N1, H7N9 and recent surge of H9N2 infections. Long-term prevalence of H9N2 avian influenza A virus in China and adjacent regions favours the interspecies transmissions from avian to human.Establishment of multiple genotypes of H9N2 variants in this region contributes to the emergence of novel H7N9 and H10N8 viruses which caused human fatalities.Recent increasing human infection with H9N2 virus in China highlights the necessity to closely monitor the interspecies transmission events. Available human H9N2 sequences revealed that Y280/G9 lineage was responsible for the most of human cases. Presence of adaptive mutations beyond the human-like receptor binding was indicative of the capacity of readily infecting new hosts without prior adaptation. Moreover, enlarged host range of H9N2 virus in this region substantially increased the transmission among mammals. Meanwhile, serological surveys implied human was more susceptible to H9N2 infection, compared with panzootic H5 and H7 subtype avian influenza virus. Thus, control at the source will be the ultimate and effective option for H9N2 pandemic preparedness. This review comprehensively summarized recent updates on H9N2 human infections, aiming to shed light on the prevention strategies against this strain with pandemic potential.
K E Y W O R D SH9N2, influenza, pandemic
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.