Pavlínek (2004), analyzing the central European automobile industry, reports adverse effects of FDI. Pavlínek (2012) examines whether FDI in the same industry and region has enhanced research and development (R&D) in the host country and reports strong barriers to future development. Country studies in economic geography include Leichenko and Erickson (1997), who report a positive effect of FDI on US state-level export performance, and Sun (2001), reporting an uneven effect of FDI in China on export performance. Jones and Wren (2004) analyze the impact of FDI on employment in northeast England and question the policies of inward investment agencies. Cole, Elliott, and Zhang (2011) report an influence of FDI on the pattern of industrial pollution in China. Zhao and Zhang (2007), in a study on China, report that FDI may influence the urban agglomeration pattern. Phelps and Wood (2006) analyze the political economy of the interaction between global capital and local stakeholders.