BCG Vaccination: A potential tool against COVID-19 and COVID-19-like Black Swan incidents

Gong, Wenping; Mao, Yingqing; Li, Yuexi; Qi, Yong

doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108870

Cited by 18 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 184 publications

(259 reference statements)

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“…Our previous studies have reported that BCG vaccination could induce a non-specific immune response to fight against unrelated pathogens ( 2 , 4 – 7 ). The non-specific immune response induced by BCG vaccination may be due to three potential mechanisms: trained immunity, heterologous immunity, and anti-inflammatory effect ( 2 ). Of the three possible mechanisms, trained immunity has received the most attention.…”

Section: Non-specific Immune Response Induced By the Bcgmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The primary immunization of BCG can activate innate immune cells to produce IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6, generating trained monocytes/macrophages with an “infection memory.” These trained monocytes/macrophages will respond rapidly by releasing higher levels of cytokines to combat the second unrelated pathogens’ invasion ( 8 ). The trained immunity induced by BCG has been demonstrated in both animal experiments and human clinical trials, and it may be beneficial for the prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection ( 2 , 4 – 7 , 9 – 11 ).…”

Section: Non-specific Immune Response Induced By the Bcgmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the contrary, other ecological and analytical studies found that BCG vaccination could not provide adequate protection against COVID-19 infection ( 41 – 50 ). The results of these ecological and analytical studies were contradictory, and the heterogeneity of these findings may originate from some confounding factors, such as population density, ethnicity, age structure, income, healthcare access and quality index, COVID-19 transmission progression, COVID-19 testing rate, non-pharmaceutical interventions, and geographical distribution ( 2 , 5 , 51 – 53 ). Therefore, these findings should be investigated by randomized clinical trials.…”

Section: Early Evidence On Bcg Prevention Of Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has inflicted an unprecedented and significant toll on global public health and the economy. During the fight against the pandemic, the century-old tuberculosis (TB) vaccine Bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG), which has been reported to protect against infections of various respiratory pathogens other than Mycobacterium tuberculosis by inducing non-specific immune responses, was found to play an essential role against COVID-19 in various ecological, analytical, and animal studies ( 1 , 2 ). However, its effectiveness remains controversial due to the limited number of published clinical trials ( 2 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During the fight against the pandemic, the century-old tuberculosis (TB) vaccine Bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG), which has been reported to protect against infections of various respiratory pathogens other than Mycobacterium tuberculosis by inducing non-specific immune responses, was found to play an essential role against COVID-19 in various ecological, analytical, and animal studies ( 1 , 2 ). However, its effectiveness remains controversial due to the limited number of published clinical trials ( 2 ). The effect of BCG vaccines appears to be quite non-specific or speculative.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

The Natural Effect of BCG Vaccination on COVID-19: The Debate Continues

Gong¹,

An²,

Wang³

et al. 2022

Front. Immunol.

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Section: Non-specific Immune Response Induced By the Bcgmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Non-specific Immune Response Induced By the Bcgmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Early Evidence On Bcg Prevention Of Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

The Natural Effect of BCG Vaccination on COVID-19: The Debate Continues

Gong¹,

An²,

Wang³

et al. 2022

Front. Immunol.

Self Cite

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COVID-19: A novel holistic systems biology approach to predict its molecular mechanisms (in vitro) and repurpose drugs

Sameni,

Mirmotalebisohi,

Dadashkhan

et al. 2023

DARU J Pharm Sci

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Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Hampers COVID-19: A Controlled Cross-Sectional Study in High-Burden Endemic Areas of Iran

Bamorovat,

Sharifi,

Shafiei Bafti

et al. 2024

J Epidemiol Glob Health

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Introduction Emerging infectious diseases such as SARS-CoV-2 can cause pandemics and create a critical risk for humans. In a previous pilot study, we reported that the immunological responses induced by cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) could decrease the incidence and severity of COVID-19. In this large-scale case–control study, we assessed the possible relationship between mortality and morbidity of COVID-19 in healed CL persons suffering scars compared to cases without CL history. Methods This controlled cross-sectional study was conducted between July 2020 and December 2022 in the endemic and high-burden areas of CL in southeastern Iran. In the study, 1400 previous CL cases with scars and 1,521,329 subjects who had no previous CL were analyzed. We used R 4.0.2 to analyze the data. Firth’s bias reduction approach corresponding to the penalization of likelihood logistic regression by Jeffreys was also employed to influence the variables in the dataset. Also, a Bayesian ordinal logistic regression model was performed to explore the COVID-19 severity in both case and referent groups. Results The occurrence and severity rate of COVID-19 in CL scar cases are significantly less than in the non-CL control group, while in the CL scar subjects, patients with critical conditions and mortality were not observed. The morbidity (OR = 0.11, CI 0.06–0.20 and P < 0.001) and severity of COVID-19 in previous cases with CL scars were significantly diminished than that in the control group (credible interval − 2.57, − 1.62). Conclusions The results represented a durable negative relationship between cured CL and COVID-19 incidence and severity. Additional studies seem necessary and should be designed to further validate the true impact and underlying mechanistic action of CL on COVID-19. Graphical abstract

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BCG Vaccination: A potential tool against COVID-19 and COVID-19-like Black Swan incidents

Cited by 18 publications

References 184 publications

The Natural Effect of BCG Vaccination on COVID-19: The Debate Continues

The Natural Effect of BCG Vaccination on COVID-19: The Debate Continues

COVID-19: A novel holistic systems biology approach to predict its molecular mechanisms (in vitro) and repurpose drugs

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Hampers COVID-19: A Controlled Cross-Sectional Study in High-Burden Endemic Areas of Iran

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