“…Multi-objective optimization problems exist widely in practical engineering problems, which are often characterized by constraints and high dimensions, such as vehicle routing planning [1], engineering optimization [2], and scheduling problems [3]. In general, the mathematical expression of the multi-objective optimization problem is defined as follows, minimize ( ) = ( 1 ( ), ⋯ , ( )) s. t ( ) ≥ 0, = 1,2, ⋯ , (1) ℎ ( ) = 0, = 1,2, ⋯ , ∈ Ω where = ( 1 , ⋯ , ) are a candidate solution, and are the numbers of inequality and equality constraints, respectively, Ω ⊆ ℝ is the decision space, : Ω → ℝ constitutes conflicting objective functions, and ℝ is called the objective space.…”