“…Therefore, the two-dimensional dynamics should be considered in the design of monitoring, control, and state estimation. Two-dimensional latent variable models have been developed to improve monitoring performance, , and the feature of two-dimensional dynamics has also been used to design the two-dimensional generalized predictive controller for batch processes. , In the aspect of state estimation, taking into account that each initial state is transited from the terminal state of the previous batch, Zhao et al developed a two-dimensional state-space model for initial states and then estimated states and parameters based on Bayesian methods. , However, in this method, only the initial state is characterized by two-dimensional dynamics. The other states are estimated only along the time dimension, and the two-dimensional dynamics of other states is ignored.…”