“…Experimental evidence supporting Griffing's theory was obtained using the above experimental design in Drosophila melanogaster (Pé rez-Tome and Toro, 1982;Martin et al, 1988;Ló pezSuá rez et al, 1993) and Tribolium castaneum Toro, 1992 and. More sophisticated designs and analyses involving the estimation of variance components using mixed-model methodologies have been developed by Muir (2005), Van Vleck and Cassady (2005), Van Vleck and Cassady (2006), Cantet and Cappa (2008) and also implemented in Drosophila (Wolf, 2003), trees (Cappa and Cantet, 2006), (mussels (Brichette et al, 2001), poultry (Craig and Muir, 1989), cattle (Van Vleck et al, 2007) and pigs (Arango et al, 2005)). …”